A Baker–Venkataraman retro-Claisen cascade delivers a novel alkyl migration process for the synthesis of amides

A simple extension of the carbamoyl Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement has been developed. If residual water in the reaction is not strictly excluded a Baker-Venkataraman retro-Claisen cascade takes place, giving amide products, in which an alkyl group apparently migrates between two functionalities of the substrate

Generating and evaluating a novel genetic resource in wheat in diverse environments

The principal objective of the project is to develop composite cross populations of wheat based on a wide range of key parent varieties. The parents will be selected partly on past knowledge of successful performance in terms of yield, quality and disease resistance and partly on the basis of molecular ancestry to try to ensure as wide range of diversity as possible. Following parental inter-crossing in all possible combinations, progeny population samples will be exposed to a range of widely different agricultural environments and systems through several seasons of, largely, natural selection. Performance of the population samples will be compared at different stages against both the parents grown as pure stands and as physical mixtures. Our objective is to increase the sustainability and competitiveness of organic and other extensive farming systems by developing genetically diverse wheat populations that will respond rapidly to on-farm selection for improved productivity and yield. It is well established that modern varieties of wheat perform poorly under the conditions and management options encountered in organic farming systems. This is due to a number of factors including poor competition against weeds, narrow resistance against pests and disease, inability to efficiently utilise soil bound nutrients and the lack of genetic flexibility to buffer against environmental variation. To develop a conventional, new wheat breeding programme, from start to release of adapted varieties, would take many years. The approach we propose can deliver this material quickly. This will be achieved through the production of appropriate composite-cross populations of winter wheat. The research will provide material adapted to basic organic conditions that can then be further selected on-farm. This will also be of benefit to non-organic farms as the populations will posses broad resistance to pests and disease and improved competitive ability against weeds, so minimising the need for crop protection inputs. The research will deliver a unique insight into the evolution of genetically diverse wheat populations, under a diverse range of environments, which will allow the elucidation of gene x environment interactions. In addition, it will provide information on the characters of winter wheat that confer improved productivity under a diversity of environmental conditions. Samples of the resulting winter wheat composite cross populations will be placed in the gene bank at the John Innes Centre. Overall objective: To increase the sustainability and competitiveness of both non-organic and organic farming systems by developing genetically diverse wheat populations that will respond rapidly to on-farm selection for improved productivity and yield. 1. To generate six distinct, highly heterogeneous composite-cross populations of winter wheat for further development and selection. The populations will comprise; one with parental material selected for good milling potential, one with parents selected for high yield potential and one comprising both sets of parent material. Each of these populations will then be split to either include or exclude heritable male sterility. 2. To evaluate the performance and evolution of composite-cross populations over time under a diverse range of environmental conditions and identify characteristics that confer improved productivity in these environments. 3. To track the genetic changes that accompany selection, so providing a better understanding of the assemblages of traits that underlie improved productivity in diverse environments. 4. To provide genetically diverse crop material for further selection by farmers and as a resource for future publicly funded research. 5. To disseminate the results to the scientific community and industr

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of PV Adoption in the UK and Their Implications for the Smart Grid

Published in a full open access journalDistributed renewable electricity generators facilitate decarbonising the electricity network, and the smart grid allows higher renewable penetration while improving efficiency. Smart grid scenarios often emphasise localised control, balancing small renewable generation with consumer electricity demand. This research investigates the applicability of proposed decentralised smart grid scenarios utilising a mixed strategy: quantitative analysis of PV adoption data and qualitative policy analysis focusing on policy design, apparent drivers for adoption of the deviation of observed data from the feed-in tariff impact assessment predictions. Analysis reveals that areas of similar installed PV capacity are clustered, indicating a strong dependence on local conditions for PV adoption. Analysing time series of PV adoption finds that it fits neither neo-classical predictions, nor diffusion of innovation S-curves of adoption cleanly. This suggests the influence of external factors on the decision making process. It is shown that clusters of low installed PV capacity coincide with areas of high population density and vice versa, implying that while visions of locally-balanced smart grids may be viable in certain rural and suburban areas, applicability to urban centres may be limited. Taken in combination, the data analysis, policy impact and socio-psychological drivers of adoption demonstrate the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding and modelling the adoption of technology necessary to enable the future smart grid

Humor as an element in graphic design

This documentation of my MFA thesis presents my process and progress through an investigation of the relationships between humor and graphic design. Notations in the side column provide resource information and refer to appendices located in the second section of the document

Approaches Toward Improving the Prognosis of Pediatric Patients With Glioma: Pursuing Mutant Drug Targets With Emerging Small Molecules

Gliomas represent approximately 70% of all pediatric brain tumors and most of these are of astrocytic lineage, furthermore, malignant or high-grade astrocytoma account for approximately 20% of pediatric astrocytoma. Treatment options for pediatric glioma patients are limited. Although low-grade astrocytoma are relatively slow-growing tumors which can often be cured through surgical resection, a significant proportion of cases will recur, as such new treatments are desperately needed. This review covers the various approaches that are currently being made towards improving the prognosis of pediatric glioma patients by pursuing pediatric-selective mutant drug targets with emerging small molecules