Experimental in-vitro bone cements disintegration with ultrasonic pulsating water jet for revision arthroplasty

The paper deals with the study of using the selective property of ultrasonic pulsating water jet for the disintegration of the interface created by bone cement between cemented femoral stem and trabecular bone tissue as a potential technique for revision arthroplasty. Six types of commercial bone cements based on Polymethyl Methacrylate were used for investigation. The cements were mixed using the DePuy - SmartMix (R) CTS / vacuum mixing bowl. Mechanical properties of hardened bone cements were determined by nanoindentation. The bone cement samples were disintegrated using the pulsating water jet technology. The water pressure varied between 8 divided by 20 MPa. A circular nozzle with an orifice diameter of 0,7 mm was used for water jetting. The stand-off distance from the target material was 2 mm and the traverse speed 1 mm/s. The volume of material removal and depth of created traces were measured by MicroProf FRT optical profilometer. The results positively support an assumption that pulsating water jet has a potential to be a suitable technique for the quick and safe disintegration of bone cement during revision arthroplasty

Experimental in-vitro bone cements disintegration with ultrasonic pulsating water jet for revision arthroplasty

Članak obuhvaća studiju uporabe ultrazvučnog pulzirajućeg mlaza vode odabranih svojstava za razgradnju veze ostvarene pomoću koštanog cementa između cementiranog bedrenog drška i trabekularnog koštanog tkiva, kao potencijalne tehnike za revizijsku artroplastiku. Šest tipova komercijalnog koštanog cementa baziranog na polimetil metakrilatu rabljeni su za ovo istraživanje. Cementi su miješani uz pomoć DePuy - SmartMix® CTS / vakumske zdjele za miješanje. Mehanička svojstva ojačanog koštanog cementa određena su nanoindentacijom. Uzorci koštanog cementa su razgrađeni primjenom tehnologije pulzirajućeg mlaza vode. Tlak vode se mijenjao između 8 i 20 MPa. Kružna mlaznica s promjerom otvora od 0,7 mm je rabljena za rezanje mlazom vode. Odstojanje od ciljanog materijala bilo je 2 mm, a poprečna brzina iznosila je 1 mm/s. Volumen odstranjenog materijala i dubina kreiranih tragova mjereni su pomoću MicroProf FRT optičkog profilometra. Rezultati pozitivno podupiru pretpostavku da pulzirajući mlaz vode ima potencijal biti odgovarajuća tehnika za brzu i sigurnu razgradnju koštanog cementa pri revizijskoj artroplastici.The paper deals with the study of using the selective property of ultrasonic pulsating water jet for the disintegration of the interface created by bone cement between cemented femoral stem and trabecular bone tissue as a potential technique for revision arthroplasty. Six types of commercial bone cements based on Polymethyl Methacrylate were used for investigation. The cements were mixed using the DePuy - SmartMix® CTS / vacuum mixing bowl. Mechanical properties of hardened bone cements were determined by nanoindentation. The bone cement samples were disintegrated using the pulsating water jet technology. The water pressure varied between 8÷20 MPa. A circular nozzle with an orifice diameter of 0,7 mm was used for water jetting. The stand-off distance from the target material was 2 mm and the traverse speed 1 mm/s. The volume of material removal and depth of created traces were measured by MicroProf FRT optical profilometer. The results positively support an assumption that pulsating water jet has a potential to be a suitable technique for the quick and safe disintegration of bone cement during revision arthroplasty

Movie S20. Colocalization of IqgC and Rab5A during random movement of the vegetative cell. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 4C. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative wild-type cell coexpressing YFP-IqgC and mRFP-Rab5A acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S21. Colocalization of Rab5A and active Ras probe during random movement of the vegetative cell. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 4E. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative wild-type cell coexpressing YFP-Rab5A and mRFP-RBD acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S11. IqgC_ΔGRD does not localize to macropinosomes. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 2D (seventh panel) and Fig. S2C. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative iqgC null cell expressing YFP-IqgC_ΔGRD acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S15. IqgC localizes to macropinosomes in the absence of PI(3,4,5)P3. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 3C. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative pi3K(1-2) null cell expressing YFP-IqgC acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S14. IqgC does not localize to phagosomes in the absence of RasG. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 2E. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative rasG null cell expressing YFP-IqgC acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S13. Localization of RasG during phagocytosis. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. S2D. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative wild-type cell expressing YFP-RasG acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S19. Localization of Rab5A during random movement of the vegetative cell. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 4A. Time-lapse recording of a vegetative wild-type cell expressing YFP-Rab5A acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm

Movie S9. IqgC_RGCt does not localize to macropinosomes. from IqgC is a potent regulator of macropinocytosis in the presence of NF1 and its loading to macropinosomes is dependent on RasG

Referring to Fig. 2D (fifth panel). Time-lapse recording of a vegetative iqgC null cell expressing YFP-IqgC_RGCt acquired by confocal microscopy. Time is given in the min:sec format. Scale bar: 5 µm