16 research outputs found
Trace elements and mineral composition of waste produced in the process of combustion of solid fuels in individual household furnaces in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (Poland)
This study presents preliminary research results, with regard to the concentration of chosen trace elements (Mn, Cr, Tl, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, Pb) in waste, which was produced in the process of combustion of solid fuels (hard coal and flotation concentrate of bituminous coal) in individual household furnaces in Poland (in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region). 27 samples of ash, 4 samples of hard coal and 2 samples of flotation concentrate of bituminous coal were prepared for the research. Methods such as: ICP-MS, X-ray diffraction by means of the powder method and scanning electron microscopy were used during the research. In the ash samples obtained from the combustion of hard coal, the highest average concentrations were: Mn (1477.7 ppm), Ba (1336.4 ppm) and Zn (599.7 ppm). In the samples obtained from the combustion of flotation concentrate of bituminous coal, the highest average concentrations was stated for: Zn (762.4 ppm), Mn (668.5 ppm), Pb (552.1 ppm) and Ba (211.7 ppm). Crystalline components were determined by used the X-ray diffraction method and the samples of ash obtained from the combustion of hard coal contained: anhydrite, gypsum, hematite, magnetite, quartz, calcite, mullite, periclase, kaolinite, dolomite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena and feldspars (albite–anorthite). The samples of ash obtained from the combustion of flotation concentrate of bituminous coal contain: pyrite, quartz, potassium feldspar, muscovite and kaolinite. The scanning
electron microscope analysis enabled the identification of the chemical composition of single ash grains and determined their morphology (aluminosilicate forms, substance PbS and ZnS, oxides of Ni, Cu and Mn, monazite, xenotime)
57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy investigations of iron phase composition in fluidized beds from the ELCHO power plant in Chorzów, Poland
The study investigates the physical and chemical properties of fly ash and bottom ash from a power plant ELCHO in Chorzów, Poland. Coal combustion products generated in the process of combustion in circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) are considerably different from fly and bottom ashes obtained from dust furnaces and multi-layer ones. The composition of the iron-bearing phase in the waste of circulating fluidized bed combustion was determined using Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods
Chemical and mineral composition of furnace slags produced in the combustion process of hard coal
Presented are the results of the examination of the chemical and mineral composition as well as iron compounds in furnace hearth slags coming into existence after the burning of hard coal. The samples of furnace hearth slags from heat and power plant and the hearths of the individual home furnaces fitted out with grate firings were compared. The examination methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD) with powder method, Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ICP analysis were used. The main components of furnace hearth slags are SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
On the basis of the X-ray diffraction, it was found that the domination components of furnace hearth slags are mullite and quartz. Furnace hearth slags are different
as for the content of the concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Ni, Tl, Pb, Zn, As, Ba and Cu) and Fe
Chemical and mineral composition of ashes from wood biomass combustion in domestic wood-fired furnaces
The paper presents the results of studies on ashes produced from burning wood biomass in closed wood-fired furnaces, in
individual household furnaces (Silesian Province, Poland). Dry sieve analysis and detailed granulometric analysis were
performed with the Analysette 22 Micro Tec plus analyser. Content of the basic elements (Al, Si, P, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe) and
potentially toxic elements (As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Hg) was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Relative enrichment factors (
REFs) were calculated for the elements
(Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, As, Hg, and Cr), and the emissions (E) of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As to the environment were estimated.
The carbon content (40.2%–45.8%), H (3.7%–6.1%), O (46.2%–50.2%), N (0.12%–0.32%), and S (0.11%–0.96%) in wood
biomass varies and depends on the wood species and drying period. The content of volatile parts in wood biomass ranges
between 69.3 and 81%. Ash content varies between 2.6 and 18.3%. The wood calorific value ranges from 13.6 MJ/kg to
17.4 MJ/kg. Moisture content in the wood biomass ranges from 13.7% (briquette) to 46.7% (fresh birch). Identification of
mineral composition and phases yields a high share of calcite, monetite, fairchildite, and quartz in the examined ashes. The
combustion of wood biomass in fireplaces results in increased emissions of Pb and Cd to the atmosphere and may be the
cause of introducing pollutants to waters and soils during ash storage
The influence of hard coal combustion in individual household furnaces on the atmosphere quality in Pszczyna (Poland)
This study aimed to determine the influence of ashes produced in the combustion of hard
coal and eco-pea coal in individual household furnaces on the air quality in the region under analysis.
To achieve this objective, we analysed the chemical and mineral composition of ashes, suspended
and respirable dusts with particular attention being paid to phases containing potentially
toxic elements (PTE) (As, Cd, Pb, Se, Ni, Ba, Tl, S, Th and U), and sulphur. The research methods
used included powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry. Measurements were taken for PM concentrations, total suspended particulate
matter (TSP), gaseous TVOC pollutants (volatile organic compounds) and soot at various
altitudes and a mobile laboratory with measuring apparatus placed in the basket of a manned hotair
balloon was used for the analysis. The use of Poland’s unique laboratory allowed us to obtain
real-time measurements up to an altitude of 1200 m above sea level. Measurements using unmanned
units such as drones do not enable such analyses. The research confirmed that PTE concentrations
in ash and its mineral composition are varied. The PM10 and PM2.5 ashes are dominated
by sodium chloride, particles containing C, and a substance composed of S+C+O+N+Na. Trace
amounts of Pb and Zn sulphides are also present
Mineralogical and Chemical Specificity of Dusts Originating from Iron and Non-Ferrous Metallurgy in the Light of Their Magnetic Susceptibility
This study aims at detailed characteristics and comparison between dusts from various
iron and non-ferrous metal production processes in order to identify individual mineral phases,
chemical composition, and their influence on the values of magnetic susceptibility. Various analytical
methods used include inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy integrated with magnetic susceptibility
measurements and thermomagnetic analysis. Metallurgical wastes that have arisen at different
production stages of iron and non-ferrous steel are subjected to investigation. The analyzed dust
samples from the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy differ in terms of magnetic susceptibility as well
as their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of many very different
mineral phases. In particular, interesting phases have been observed in non-ferrous dust, for
example challacolloite, which was found for the first time in the dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy.
Other characteristic minerals found in non-ferrous metallurgy dusts are zincite, anglesite, and
lanarkite, while dusts of iron metallurgy contain mostly metallic iron and iron-bearing minerals
(magnetite, hematite, franklinite, jacobsite, and wüstite), but also significant amounts of zincite and
calcite
Change of ZN, NI, and CU content in fly ash on the base of their mineral composition
Zbadano popioły lotne powstające podczas spalania węgli w elektrociepłowniach wyposażonych w elektrofiltry, zlokalizowanych na obszarze górnośląskiego obszaru przemysłowego. Zebrane próbki poddano badaniom rentgenostrukturalnym, mikroskopii skaningowej (ASEM), badaniom spektrometrycznym (ICP) oraz określono ich skład ziarnowy metodą laserową. Badania wykonano dla różnych frakcji ziarnowych popiołów. W próbkach określono zawartość Ni, Cu i Zn. Zaobserwowano, że skład chemiczny cząstek popiołu bogatych w metale ma charakter glinokrzemianów. Wielkość cząsteczek popiołu, które były nośnikami Ni, Cu i Zn, wahał się od 1 do 5 mm, a agregatów - do 12 mm
Iron oxides particles in the air and fly ash, and their influence on the environment (preliminary studies)
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wstępne wyniki badań dotyczące rozmiarów, rozmieszczenia i składu najczęściej występujących cząsteczek o składzie tlenków żelaza, które powstały podczas procesów spalania węgla kamiennego. Opis dotyczy tylko wyżej wymienionych, cząstek natomiast pominięto inne fazy zawierające żelazo (takie jak siarczany, węglany czy też żelazo metaliczne). Cząsteczki PM 10 (pył zawieszony) oraz pył opadowy pobrane były w kilku wybranych miastach Górnego Śląska. Próbki popiołu pobrano z elektrofiltrów zakładów spalających węgiel kamienny. Wszystkie próbki zebrano w ciągu kilku ostatnich lat. Materiał badawczy poddano analizie rentgenowskiej metodą proszkową, wykorzystując dyfraktometr Philips PW 3710, używając lampy kobaltowej CoKa oraz badaniom w skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej przy użyciu środowiskowego mikroskopu Philips XL30 TMP wyposażonego w EDS typu Sapphire. Dominujące cząsteczki tlenków żelaza (magnetyt, hematyt, wustyt) obserwowano w pyłach atmosferycznych i popiołach z elektrofiltrów. Różnice obserwowano w ilości i składzie cząstek akcesorycznych. W popiołach częściej występowały: magnezioferryt, harcynit i chromit. Różnice obserwowano też w rozmiarach dominujących cząstek. Tlenki żelaza w pyłach atmosferycznych o średnicach poniżej 10 mm stanowiły ok. 50–60% obj., podczas gdy cząstki o średnicach respirabilnych (poniżej 2,5 mm) to ok. 10% obj. Popioły z elektrofiltrów zawierają cząstki tlenków żelaza o średnicach rzędu 30–80 mm (co stanowi ok. 70% obj. wszystkich cząstek o składzie tlenków żelaza). Większość dużych cząstek tlenków żelaza powstających w procesach spalania węgla kamiennego osadza się na elektrofiltrach, jednak najmniejsze frakcje (poniżej 10 mm) są emitowane z gazami spalinowymi do atmosfery. Stąd w powietrzu odnotowuje się znaczne ilości tlenków żelaza o średnicach mniejszych niż 10 mm, co powoduje, iż rozmiary tych cząstek sprzyjają dalekiemu transportowi od źródła ich powstawania. Natomiast cząstki zawierające tlenki żelaza o średnicach respirabilnych mogą niekorzystnie działać na zdrowie. Badania te powinny być kontynuowane celem szczegółowego określenia wpływu tlenków żelaza na środowisko i organizmy żywe
Composition and morphology of organic and mineral matter in fly ash derived from bituminous coal combusted in the Będzin power station (Poland)
Fly ash particles formed during coal combustion are composed entirely of organic or/and mineral matter. The proportions of the two components depends on combustion conditions and the presence of minerals in feed coal particles. The aims of this paper are the classification of char morphologies, the quantification of the inert- and semiinert components, and the characterisation of the morphologies and compositions of mineral particles in fly ash from Będzin Power Station, Poland. Various char morphologies are presented and their distribution in individual pulverised fuel boilers is discussed as are the morphologies of mineral particles and the distribution of major and minor elements in different size fractions of fly ash