Whey Utilization in North Dakota

Demand and Price Analysis,

Commodity Agreements and the New International Economic Order

Paper by Gordon W. Smit

The Transfer of Arctic Territories from Great Britain to Canada in 1880, and Some Related Matters, as Seen in Official Correspondence

Reconstructs the negotiations of 1874-1880 on this transfer of territories not already under Canadian jurisdiction. Difficulties involved are discussed: determination of which territories were subject to the transfer especially in the islands north of the mainland; the most expedient means of effecting the transfer, by imperial act or order-in-council; etc. Delimitation of the northern and eastern boundaries of the transfer area was attempted, but the attempt ultimately abandoned

Variable-camber systems integration and operational performance of the AFTI/F-111 mission adaptive wing

The advanced fighter technology integration, the AFTI/F-111 aircraft, is a preproduction F-111A testbed research airplane that was fitted with a smooth variable-camber mission adaptive wing. The camber was positioned and controlled by flexing the upper skins through rotary actuators and linkages driven by power drive units. The wing camber and control system are described. The measured servoactuator frequency responses are presented along with analytical predictions derived from the integrated characteristics of the control elements. A mission adaptive wing system chronology is used to illustrate and assess the reliability and dependability of the servoactuator system during 1524 hours of ground tests and 145 hours of flight testing

Thermal-Fatigue Crack-Growth Characteristics and Mechanical Strain Cycling Behavior of A-286 Discaloy, and 16-25-6 Austenitic Steels

Thermal-fatigue crack-growth characteristics of notched- and unnotched-disk specimens of A-286, Discaloy, hot-cold worked 16-25-6, and overaged 16-25-6 were experimentally studied. Separately controlled variables were total strain range (0.0043 to 0.0079 in./in.), maximum cycle temperature (1300 and 1100 F), and hold time at maximum temperature (O and 5 min). A limited number of mechanical, push-pull, constant-strain cycle tests at room temperature were made using notched and un-notched bars of the same materials. In these tests the number of cycles to failure as well as the variation of load change with accumulated cycles was measured, and the effects of mean stress were observed. Constant-strain-range mechanical-fatigue tests at room temperature revealed notched-bar fatigue life to be strongly influenced by mean stress. For a specific strain range, the longest fatigue life was always found to be associated with the least-tensile (or most compressive) mean stress. By defining thermal-fatigue life as the number of cycles required to produce a crack area of 6000 square mils, the relative thermal-fatigue resistances of the test materials were established. Notched-disk specimens of A-286 and Discaloy steels exhibited longer fatigue lives than either hot-cold worked or overaged 16-25-6. On the other hand, unnotched-disk specimens of Discaloy and hot-cold worked 16-25-6 had longer lives than A-286 and overaged 16-25-6. Separation of the crack-growth data into microstage and macrostage periods revealed that the macrostage period accounted for the greatest part of the difference among materials when tested in the notched configuration, while the microstage was largely responsible for the differences encountered in unnotched disks

Legal Regimes and Political Particularism: An Assessment of the Legal Families Theory from the Perspectives of Comparative Law and Political Economy

The “legal families” theory of corporate law and ownership structures pioneered by Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-deSilanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny provides one of the most influential accounts of why “law matters” in shaping economic organization and outcomes. However, the empirical bases and theoretical logic of the theory contain serious flaws and limitations. First, as has been pointed out by a number of critics engaged in this revision, the legal origins literature contains numerous problematic characterizations of substantive law that expose the serious problems of quantitative operationalization of legal rules as a mode of comparative legal analysis. Second, the econometrics analysis of broad, cross-national patterns of legal and financial system characteristics departs from the theoretical and practical concerns of law as an academic and professional discipline focused on intra-systemic behavior. Third, the legal families theory is essentially an underspecified, path-dependent account of political economic development that is, at the very least, in logical tension with observable changes in law and financial system structures of both the past and present. Fourth, the methodology does not adequately distinguish between countries in which the rule of law and functional political and legal institutions are well-established (generally the advanced industrial countries) and those in which they are not (generally less developed countries (LDCs), often with significant post-colonial legacies). Given these flaws in, and limitations of, the legal families theory, the intuitively appealing thesis that law matters must be resituated in a more empirically persuasive and historically sensitive account of the relationship between law and politics. I speculate that any meaningful correlation between legal origins and economic outcomes is the product of politics in the first instance rather than law, and that legal families likely function as a proxy for different forms of political economic organization

Legal Regimes and Political Particularism: An Assessment of the Legal Families Theory from the Perspectives of Comparative Law and Political Economy

The “legal families” theory of corporate law and ownership structures pioneered by Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-deSilanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny provides one of the most influential accounts of why “law matters” in shaping economic organization and outcomes. However, the empirical bases and theoretical logic of the theory contain serious flaws and limitations. First, as has been pointed out by a number of critics engaged in this revision, the legal origins literature contains numerous problematic characterizations of substantive law that expose the serious problems of quantitative operationalization of legal rules as a mode of comparative legal analysis. Second, the econometrics analysis of broad, cross-national patterns of legal and financial system characteristics departs from the theoretical and practical concerns of law as an academic and professional discipline focused on intra-systemic behavior. Third, the legal families theory is essentially an underspecified, path-dependent account of political economic development that is, at the very least, in logical tension with observable changes in law and financial system structures of both the past and present. Fourth, the methodology does not adequately distinguish between countries in which the rule of law and functional political and legal institutions are well-established (generally the advanced industrial countries) and those in which they are not (generally less developed countries (LDCs), often with significant post-colonial legacies). Given these flaws in, and limitations of, the legal families theory, the intuitively appealing thesis that law matters must be resituated in a more empirically persuasive and historically sensitive account of the relationship between law and politics. I speculate that any meaningful correlation between legal origins and economic outcomes is the product of politics in the first instance rather than law, and that legal families likely function as a proxy for different forms of political economic organization

The Social Costs of an MTBE Ban in California

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,