Utilization Of The Illinois Test Of Psycholinguistic Abilities With Educationally Handicapped Children

This study was initiated to determine the value of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities in identification, diagnosis, placement, and program development for children designated as Educationally Handicapped. Related to the problem were three basic questions: (1) Does the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities identify specific sensory modality deficiencies in Educationally Handicapped Children? (2) Do Educationally Handicapped boys differ from Educationally Handicapped girls in their sensory modal profiles? and (3) Are there differences between Educationally Handicapped boys who are performance oriented on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Educationally handicapped boys who are verbally oriented on the Wechsler Scale in their sensory modal abilities

FIRST AMENDMENT LAW—THE REGULATION OF RELIGIOUS LOBBYISTS: A SPIRITUAL BATTLE FOR THE SOUL OF DEMOCRACY

Governmental transparency is among the most fundamental requirements of a democracy. This belief is the backbone of codes of ethics amongst both states and the federal government. Codes of ethics universally apply to state employees, as well as those attempting to influence policy. We call these influencers lobbyists. Every state regulates the actions of lobbyists. Some states have broad, sweeping language that requires lobbyists to report a great deal of information to the state, which is then made public to voters, while other states allow for express exemptions to keep certain actions out of the public eye. Because the federal government does not provide many guidelines or restrictions on what can be included in lobbyist regulation, the states have free reign to regulate as they please. Pennsylvania, Maryland, Iowa, and Georgia have been able to include broad exemptions to lobbyist filing and disclosure rules for those lobbying on behalf of a religious institution. Other states, like Connecticut, have made no direct mention of religious organizations in their regulations, but have changed the rules to appease or benefit religious groups. These examples raise serious concerns about favoring religious speech over non-religious speech. This Note argues for a more uniform method of regulation on lobbying, the goal being to avoid favoring religious lobbying over non-religious lobbying. The need for a more uniform method of regulation will be demonstrated by addressing serious policy concerns as well as applying principles of the First Amendment regarding both the Freedom of Speech and Free Exercise of Religion

The Bordalo order on a commutative ring

summary:If $R$ is a commutative ring with identity and $\leq$ is defined by letting $a\leq b$ mean $ab=a$ or $a=b$, then $(R,\leq)$ is a partially ordered ring. Necessary and sufficient conditions on $R$ are given for $(R,\leq)$ to be a lattice, and conditions are given for it to be modular or distributive. The results are applied to the rings $Z_{n}$ of integers mod $n$ for $n\geq2$. In particular, if $R$ is reduced, then $(R,\leq)$ is a lattice iff $R$ is a weak Baer ring, and $(R,\leq)$ is a distributive lattice iff $R$ is a Boolean ring, $Z_{3},Z_{4}$, $Z_{2}[x]/x^{2}Z_{2}[x]$, or a four element field

A Look at Biseparating Maps from an Algebraic Point of View

In [ABN], Araujo, Beckenstein, and Narici add the capstone to a series of papers by several groups of authors by showing that if ρ is a biseparating map between two algebras of all real or complex-valued functions on realcompact spaces, then it is a continuous multiple of an isomorphism between these rings. Their proof uses relatively powerful analytic and topological techniques. In what follows, the extent to which such a result can be generalized to a wider class of algebras using algebraic techniques is investigated. We are unable, however to obtain the main result of [ABN] using these techniques

Some Properties of Positive Derivations on f-Rings

Throughout A denotes an f-ring; that is, a lattice-ordered ring that is a subdirect union of totally ordered rings. We let D(A) denote the set of derivations D: A --\u3e A such that a ≥ 0 implies Da ≥ 0, and we call such derivations positive. In [CDK], P. Coleville, G. Davis, and K. Keimel initiated a study of positive derivations on f-rings. Their main results are (i) D ε D(A) and A archimedean imply D = 0, and (ii) if A has an identity element 1 and a is the supremum of a set of integral multiples of 1, then Da = O. Their proof of (i) relies heavily on the theory of positive orthomorphisms on archimedean f-rings and gives no insight into the general case. Below, in Theorem 4 and its corollary, we give a direct proof of (i), and in Theorem 10, we generalize (ii). Throughout, we improve on results in [CDK], and we study a variety of topics not considered therein

Towards the Future of Supernova Cosmology

For future surveys, spectroscopic follow-up for all supernovae will be extremely difficult. However, one can use light curve fitters, to obtain the probability that an object is a Type Ia. One may consider applying a probability cut to the data, but we show that the resulting non-Ia contamination can lead to biases in the estimation of cosmological parameters. A different method, which allows the use of the full dataset and results in unbiased cosmological parameter estimation, is Bayesian Estimation Applied to Multiple Species (BEAMS). BEAMS is a Bayesian approach to the problem which includes the uncertainty in the types in the evaluation of the posterior. Here we outline the theory of BEAMS and demonstrate its effectiveness using both simulated datasets and SDSS-II data. We also show that it is possible to use BEAMS if the data are correlated, by introducing a numerical marginalisation over the types of the objects. This is largely a pedagogical introduction to BEAMS with references to the main BEAMS papers.Comment: Replaced under married name Lochner (formally Knights). 3 pages, 2 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of 13th Marcel Grossmann Meeting (MG13), Stockholm, Sweden, 1-7 July 201

Extending BEAMS to incorporate correlated systematic uncertainties

New supernova surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey, Pan-STARRS and the LSST will produce an unprecedented number of photometric supernova candidates, most with no spectroscopic data. Avoiding biases in cosmological parameters due to the resulting inevitable contamination from non-Ia supernovae can be achieved with the BEAMS formalism, allowing for fully photometric supernova cosmology studies. Here we extend BEAMS to deal with the case in which the supernovae are correlated by systematic uncertainties. The analytical form of the full BEAMS posterior requires evaluating 2^N terms, where N is the number of supernova candidates. This `exponential catastrophe' is computationally unfeasible even for N of order 100. We circumvent the exponential catastrophe by marginalising numerically instead of analytically over the possible supernova types: we augment the cosmological parameters with nuisance parameters describing the covariance matrix and the types of all the supernovae, \tau_i, that we include in our MCMC analysis. We show that this method deals well even with large, unknown systematic uncertainties without a major increase in computational time, whereas ignoring the correlations can lead to significant biases and incorrect credible contours. We then compare the numerical marginalisation technique with a perturbative expansion of the posterior based on the insight that future surveys will have exquisite light curves and hence the probability that a given candidate is a Type Ia will be close to unity or zero, for most objects. Although this perturbative approach changes computation of the posterior from a 2^N problem into an N^2 or N^3 one, we show that it leads to biases in general through a small number of misclassifications, implying that numerical marginalisation is superior.Comment: Resubmitted under married name Lochner (formally Knights). Version 3: major changes, including a large scale analysis with thousands of MCMC chains. Matches version published in JCAP. 23 pages, 8 figure