An examination of ongoing trends in airline ancillary revenues

The airline industry seems permanently embedded in producing thin margins and continuously combatting downward pressure on yields. To perpetuate the problem, the industry remains eclipsed with high cost structures and low barriers to entry. However, a new sizzling concept continues to counterbalance these effects in the form of ancillary revenues. Globally, these revenues have increased by 121% from 2010 to 2014 – and the trend is set to continue as carriers are quickly implementing structural changes to accommodate these revenues streams. This paper examines the performance of the two core classifications of ancillary revenues, which are unbundled products and commission based income. It also investigates the willingness of passengers to pay for these services together with what type of ancillary items are acceptable at a particular price point. The study found that passengers value a narrow range of perceived ‘necessity’ products and services such as food and drink, checked baggage and seat assignment as opposed to perceived ‘optional’ unbundled or commission based products/services. It also found significant differences in WTP for specific ancillary services based on carrier type (FSC/LCC/Charter), length of flight (long and short haul) and journey purpose (business, leisure, VFR)

Euskadi: St. Ignatius of Loyola (The Basque)

St. Ignatius of Loyola is most recognized as the founder of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuit order, whose members often led the charge of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. During a long convalescence from an injury in battle, he experienced a spiritual awakening and dedicated his life to living as the Saints had lived. Ignatius was canonized less than a century after his death and has been venerated as a Saint ever since. In fact, he is the patron saint of the Basque people, who call themselves the Euskadi. The events of his later life, especially the spiritual events, are well known because they were recorded by his followers, but much of his early life is still unknown. For example, many people outside of the Euskadi do not recognize Ignatius as Basque. Scholars from any of the five centuries that have passed since his death have briefly glossed over his Basque birthplace before moving on to seemingly more important questions. And yet, the Euskadi claim him fiercely and exclusively as their own. This paper, based on research conducted for my senior capstone project, will explore the effects of Basque heritage in Ignatius\u27 life and its impact on his work in founding the Society of Jesus. The argument will be divided into three parts - first, proof that Ignatius knew and understood his Basque heritage. Second, that he continued to be affected by it throughout his life, and third, that there are certain aspects of his work that were also influenced by his heritage

The Dowager Countess as a Poor Old Awnte: Lady Elizabeth Russell in Retirement

This presentation, based on archival research conducted under the auspices of an URCO grant through the Office of Research and Graduate Studies, will analyze the ways in which aging may have contributed to the decline of a powerful aristocratic woman\u27s social influence in early modern England. Using Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell as a case study, this project questions how Elizabeth\u27s family and marital status enabled her to overcome the limitations of her gender by giving her an unparalleled education and invaluable social connections. It explores her family connections in the context of Elizabethan government and the empowering status of widowhood with small children. Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell was a well-known Protestant, social activist, and scholar in the late 16th century. Her father was Anthony Cooke, who was recognized in his own day and in ours as a pioneer of female education. The high education level of Elizabeth and her sisters made them attractive marriage partners for powerful men. Elizabeth was married and widowed twice, first to Thomas Hoby, and second to John Russell. Elizabeth is known for her extant translations of religious texts, her famous battle with Shakespeare over the location of the Globe theatre, and her influence on Lord Burghley and his son, Robert Although many events of Elizabeth\u27s life have been well-studied, the last decade of her life has not. This investigation has important implications for the understanding of both the Early Modern era and our own, revealing the ways in which attitudes about age and gender intersected in the past and how modern attitudes have or have not changed. Although the focus of this research and poster presentation is historical, it depends upon the interdisciplinary study of aging and gender, and it will contribute to the growing trend of studying intersectionality in all three disciplines

Crafting a Legacy - The Late Widowhood of Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell, 1590-1609

Lady Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell is known as one of the remarkably educated Cooke sisters of the Elizabethan period. She married first Thomas Hoby and then John Russell and had seven children. After being widowed twice, Elizabeth became known as a powerful courtier. She was a devout Protestant and became famous for barring Shakespeare from building the Globe Theatre in her neighborhood. Although many scholars have addressed the period of early widowhood in Elizabeth\u27s life, few have directly investigated how her life may have changed in its last decade. This paper will explore how Lady Russell crafted her own legacy using print publication and funeral monument design. Elizabeth and her sisters were recognized by their contemporaries as capable scholars, but Elizabeth published her first full-length translation of a work in 1605, only four years before her death. The finished publication reveals important messages which Elizabeth wanted the reader to understand about her family, her social status, and her religious beliefs. Also invaluable to this study are the funeral monuments commissioned by Elizabeth, including her own. Using strong visual imagery and well-crafted epitaph writing, Elizabeth intentionally preserved the memories of herself and her family. The aims of this paper are to illustrate the importance of historical self-expression to modern understanding and the value of the study of women in late adulthood

Carving Out a Space for Female Achievement in Early Modern England: the Life of Lady Elizabeth Russell.

This poster will focus on ongoing research into the life of Elizabeth Russell, an early modern English gentlewoman. Currently, this research is funded by an URCO grant through the Office of Research and Graduate Studies. Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell lived during the 16th and 17th centuries and played a unique role in her community. She was politically and religiously active, she owned several properties in her own right, and she had several books published, all activities which were rare for women of the time. This poster will explore the reasons for her unusual success, involving several sub-categories of inquiry. First, it will illustrate the influence of Lady Russell\u27s education and family connections on her political efforts, based on a preliminary analysis of her personal correspondence. Secondly, a brief overview of the traditional role of women in Early Modern literature will be discussed in contrast to Lady Russell’s successful experience, using published works of hers and her contemporaries as examples. Third, the religious context of the 16th century will be investigated. Research completed thus far indicates that a strong Protestant background presented her with opportunities that would have been impossible otherwise. Lady Elizabeth Russell\u27s impact on her world was unique and is an important topic to study for several reasons. To begin with, understanding her experience will broaden the ways in which we think about Early Modern women. Her life was well- documented, unlike many of her contemporaries, and allows us to consider the possibility that other women may have had similar experiences. More broadly speaking, understanding the factors that contributed to her success, namely her education, her social connections, and the religious turmoil in which she lived, may be useful in understanding the contexts in which minorities have historically been able to widen their sphere of influence

A retrospective investigation into the occurrence and human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs through cod liver products (1972–2017)

A retrospective analysis of a number of historical medicinal grade cod-liver oil samples produced in Northern Europe revealed relatively high contamination levels of PCNs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The total toxic equivalence (TEQ) associated with PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PCNs was in the range 95 to 427 pg g-1 for Baltic cod-liver oils and from 70 to 148 pg g-1 for oils sourced from the North Atlantic. The corresponding range for canned cod liver products (Baltic Sea) sampled in 2017 ranged from 52 to 104 pg g-1 fat (33 to 34 pg g-1 ww). The contribution from PCBs to the overall TEQ toxicity was around 3 to 6-fold higher than from PCDD/Fs and ranged from 24 to 318 pg TEQ g-1ww. The estimated summed TEQ intakes of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and dl-PCNs resulting from the consumption of the daily recommended doses was highest for the Baltic cod-liver oils ranging from 16 to 293 pg kg-1 body mass (bm) day-1 for an adult, 20 to 183 pg kg-1 bm day-1 for a teenager and 15 to 131 pg kg-1 bm day-1 for a child. The contribution to daily adult TEQ intake from PCNs alone, although relatively small is estimated to contribute up to 5-fold above the recent EFSA proposed TWI of 2 pg kg-1 bm. The results indicate that although currently produced fish oils may undergo rigorous purification procedures and show low contaminant levels, cod livers sourced from the Baltic and consumed locally, continue to contribute substantially to the dietary intake of these contaminants

PBDEs in cod (Gadus morhua) liver products (1972 to 2017): Occurrence and human exposure

PBDEs occur in a range of commonly consumed foods but there is very little current information on occurrence in dietary supplements such as cod liver oil or cod livers used as food. This study retrospectively investigated a number of these products, sourced from the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic, historically dating from 1972 to 2017. For the sum of 17 measured PBDEs (ΣPBDE), the concentrations ranged from 9.9 to 415 ng g-1 for the oils and from 10.5 to 13 ng g-1 for canned liver products. Concentrations in the oils were highest during the period from 1993 to 2001. For all samples, BDE-47 was the dominant congener with a maximum detected concentration of 308 ng g-1 in a Baltic cod liver oil from 1993. Human exposure to PBDEs from recommended doses were estimated for adults, teenagers and children. Depending on the age group, BDE-47 intakes ranged from 1.3 to 211.5 ng kg-1 bm day-1 (Baltic Sea), 2.9 to 12.7 ng kg-1 bm day-1 (Atlantic, Norway) and 1.1 to 4.8 ng kg-1 bm day-1 (Atlantic, Iceland). Intakes for the other dominant congeners, BDE-49, BDE-99 and BDE-100, were relatively low. The intake estimates of ΣPBDE were highest for Baltic cod liver oils ranging from 2.2 to 284.8 ng kg-1 bm day-1 for adults, 2.8 to 178 ng kg-1 bm day-1 for teenagers and 2.0 to 127.8 ng kg-1 bm day-1 for a child. Estimated weekly intake of ΣPBDE from canned cod liver was highest for adults, ranging from 17.6 to 25.1 ng kg-1 bm

Development of intelligence-based ancillary revenues and products

Recent research has demonstrated that, despite the rising focus on ancillary revenues by airlines worldwide, only a few core secondary products and services have proven to be lucrative. This study investigates the benefits to airlines of using the pareto principle as a way to dedicate time and resources to the specific ancillary products that currently and potentially generate the most revenue. Combining the results of a 2015 survey of industry experts, with an application of the Pareto Priority Index (PPI), the merits of an intelligence based development of ancillary products is determined. It is found that, once the cost of investing and developing competencies in ancillary revenues are taken into account, it is often better to focus on the few core products and services that are most lucrative, although these ‘core’ products and services can vary by flight length (short/long-haul) and thus should be identified on a case-by-case basis

Dioxin-like polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and ortho-substituted PBBs in edible cod (Gadus morhua) liver oils and canned cod liverss

This study investigates the occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), a legacy flame retardant, in fishery products such as medicinal grade cod liver oils and canned liver products, sourced from the North Atlantic during 1972–2017. It also assesses the dietary and supplementary (the oils were commonly administered as dietary supplements to children and youth) intake of PBBs from these products. Summed ortho-PBB concentrations ranged from 770 to 1400 pg g−1 fat in the oils and from 99 to 240 pg g−1 whole weight in canned livers, with PBB-49, 52, 101 and 153 accounting for most of these levels. Among the more toxic non-ortho-PBBs, PBB-126 and PBB-169 were not detected, but PBB-77 concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 5.78 pg g−1 fat in the oils and 0.06–0.126 pg g−1 whole weight in canned livers. During 1972–1993, PBB contamination levels were similar for cod liver oils from the Baltic Sea and other North Atlantic regions, but over the timescale of the study, Baltic Sea products appear to show a decline in PBB concentrations. As PBB-77 was the only dioxin-like PBB detected in the samples, the corresponding supplementary (oils, 1972–2001) and dietary (cod liver from 2017) intakes were very low, at < 0.001 pg TEQ kg−1 bm d−1 (or < 0.01 pg TEQ kg−1 bm d−1 upper bound) for the sum of all the measured dioxin-like PBBs –four to six orders of magnitude lower than that arising from other dioxin-like contaminants that were shown to occur in these products, from earlier studies