MARITIME OPERATIONS IN THE ARCTIC: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF CREW PERFORMANCE AND FATIGUE

The unique challenges of Arctic maritime operations, encompassing environmental difficulties and operational complexities, necessitate comprehensive analysis due to a notable gap in existing literature regarding their influence on sleep efficiency. This thesis focused on an observational study of 53 study participants aboard the United States Coast Guard Cutter Healy during a 36-day ice breaking deployment to the Arctic region. Data collection included study participant questionnaires, sleep monitoring via the ŌURA ring wearable device, vessel logbooks, and habitability sensor recordings to assess the effects of foghorn activation on sleep efficiency and participants' evaluation of habitability conditions. Our results indicate statistically significant differences in sleep efficiency during varying periods of foghorn use (p = 0.002). There were no statistical differences found to show sleep efficiency varied based on berthing deck (p = 0.741). However, the model trend suggests a decrease in predicted sleep efficiency for participants sleeping on berthing deck four. Habitability questionnaire responses revealed no statistically significant differences between the three questionnaires concerning cold (p = 0.158), heat (p = 0.913), external noise (p = 0.796), or ship motion (p = 0.344) in the rack. The findings presented in this thesis enhance our comprehension of how Arctic maritime operations affect sleep efficiency and habitability conditions.Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release: Distribution is unlimited.Lieutenant Colonel, United States Marine Corp

Delensing CMB Polarization with External Datasets

One of the primary scientific targets of current and future CMB polarization experiments is the search for a stochastic background of gravity waves in the early universe. As instrumental sensitivity improves, the limiting factor will eventually be B-mode power generated by gravitational lensing, which can be removed through use of so-called delensing algorithms. We forecast prospects for delensing using lensing maps which are obtained externally to CMB polarization: either from large-scale structure observations, or from high-resolution maps of CMB temperature. We conclude that the forecasts in either case are not encouraging, and that significantly delensing large-scale CMB polarization requires high-resolution polarization maps with sufficient sensitivity to measure the lensing B-mode. We also present a simple formalism for including delensing in CMB forecasts which is computationally fast and agrees well with Monte Carlos.Comment: typos correcte

Exploring Restart Distributions

We consider the generic approach of using an experience memory to help exploration by adapting a restart distribution. That is, given the capacity to reset the state with those corresponding to the agent's past observations, we help exploration by promoting faster state-space coverage via restarting the agent from a more diverse set of initial states, as well as allowing it to restart in states associated with significant past experiences. This approach is compatible with both on-policy and off-policy methods. However, a caveat is that altering the distribution of initial states could change the optimal policies when searching within a restricted class of policies. To reduce this unsought learning bias, we evaluate our approach in deep reinforcement learning which benefits from the high representational capacity of deep neural networks. We instantiate three variants of our approach, each inspired by an idea in the context of experience replay. Using these variants, we show that performance gains can be achieved, especially in hard exploration problems.Comment: RLDM 201

Meteorological satellite products support for project COHMEX

The first year effort focussed on real-time support and satellite data collection during the field phase of COHMEX. Work efforts following the field phase of COHMEX concentrated on post-processing of the real-time data sets, and generation of enhanced, research-quality satellite data sets for selected COHMEX core days. These satellite-derived data sets will augment the special COHMEX conventional data base with high horizontal and temporal resolution information. The data sets will be examined for their usefulness in delineating important elements in the meteorological environment leading to convective activity. In addition, a limited research effort was conducted using the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) 4-d data assimilation system in conjunction with evaluating VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) and His-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) data. The need to address the characteristics of the data types, and the problems they introduce into 4-d assimilation procedures is evident. The HIS instrument was flown aboard an ER-2 aircraft on several occasions during COHMEX. One of the flights was chosen for further study. Processed VAS soundings and COHMEX radiosonde data were also collected for this day. The case study included an evaluation of the HIS and VAS data and an impact study of the data on the assimilation system analysis

Incorporation of Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanomaterials as Reinforcing Agents for Impact Ice Mitigating Coatings

In-flight, aircraft are exposed to a wide range of environments. One commonly exposed environment are clouds containing super-cooled water droplets. These water drop- lets exist in a metastable state below the freezing point of water, in the range of 0 to -20C. As the vehicle impacts the droplets, latent heat is released and within milliseconds the droplets convert to ice. This process is referred to as impact icing or in-flight icing.1 Impact icing is a major concern for aircraft since it can lead to degraded aerodynamic performance and, if left un- treated, can lead to loss of the vehicle. Active approaches (i.e., pneumatic boots, heated air ducts) typically utilized in mitigating in-flight ice accretion significantly increases vehicle weight and cannot be applied to all aircraft.1-3 A passive approach based on coatings is desired, but durability issues are a concern, especially on the wing leading edge.3 Nanomaterials have been shown to afford significant improvement in coating and composite physical properties at low loading levels.4 In this study, Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) nanomaterials have been shown to increase coating durability. Also, with wide variety of functionalities present on the arm structure, POSS nanomaterials have been shown to readily alter coating surface chemistry to mitigate impact ice adhesion from -16 to -8C in a simulated in-flight icing environment

Improved estimates of rare K decay matrix-elements from Kl3 decays

The estimation of rare K decay matrix-elements from Kl3 experimental data is extended beyond LO in Chiral Perturbation Theory. Isospin-breaking effects at NLO (and partially NNLO) in the ChPT expansion, as well as QED radiative corrections are now accounted for. The analysis relies mainly on the cleanness of two specific ratios of form-factors, for which the theoretical control is excellent. As a result, the uncertainties on the K+ --> pi+ nu nubar and KL --> pi0 nu nubar matrix-elements are reduced by a factor of about 7 and 4, respectively, and similarly for the direct CP-violating contribution to KL --> pi0 l+ l-. They could be reduced even further with better experimental data for the Kl3 slopes and the K+l3 branching ratios. As a result, the non-parametric errors for B(K --> pi nu nubar) and for the direct CP-violating contributions to B(KL --> pi0 l+ l-) are now completely dominated by those on the short-distance physics.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure. Numerical analysis updated to include the recent Kl3 data. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Modification of Projected Velocity Power Spectra by Density Inhomogeneities in Compressible Supersonic Turbulence

(Modified) The scaling of velocity fluctuation, dv, as a function of spatial scale L in molecular clouds can be measured from size-linewidth relations, principal component analysis, or line centroid variation. Differing values of the power law index of the scaling relation dv = L^(g3D) in 3D are given by these different methods: the first two give g3D=0.5, while line centroid analysis gives g3D=0. This discrepancy has previously not been fully appreciated, as the variation of projected velocity line centroid fluctuations (dv_{lc} = L^(g2D)) is indeed described, in 2D, by g2D=0.5. However, if projection smoothing is accounted for, this implies that g3D=0. We suggest that a resolution of this discrepancy can be achieved by accounting for the effect of density inhomogeneity on the observed g2D obtained from velocity line centroid analysis. Numerical simulations of compressible turbulence are used to show that the effect of density inhomogeneity statistically reverses the effect of projection smoothing in the case of driven turbulence so that velocity line centroid analysis does indeed predict that g2D=g3D=0.5. Using our numerical results we can restore consistency between line centroid analysis, principal component analysis and size-linewidth relations, and we derive g3D=0.5, corresponding to shock-dominated (Burgers) turbulence. We find that this consistency requires that molecular clouds are continually driven on large scales or are only recently formed.Comment: 28 pages total, 20 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Ecosystem Services Beyond Valuation, Regulation and Philanthropy: Integrating Consumer Values into the Economy

Environmental Markets, Ecosystem Service Markets, Payment For Ecosystem Services, Incentives, Nature's Services, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q20, Q57, C93, H41,

Elastic response of a nematic liquid crystal to an immersed nanowire

We study the immersion of a ferromagnetic nanowire within a nematic liquid crystal using a lattice Boltzmann algorithm to solve the full three-dimensional equations of hydrodynamics. We present an algorithm for including a moving boundary, to simulate a nanowire, in a lattice Boltzmann simulation. The nematic imposes a torque on a wire that increases linearly with the angle between the wire and the equilibrium direction of the director field. By rotation of these nanowires, one can determine the elastic constants of the nematic.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure