The Surprising Wealth of Pre-industrial England

Occupations listed in wills reveal that as early as 1560 effectively only 60% of the English engaged in farming. Even by 1817, well into the Industrial Revolution, the equivalent primary share, once we count in food and raw material imports, was still 52%. By implication, incomes in pre-industrial England were close to those of 1800. Urbanization rates are not a good guide to pre-industrial income levels. Many rural workers were engaged in manufacturing, services and trade. The occupation shares also imply pre-industrial England was rich enough in 1560 to rank above the bottom fifth of countries in 2007.Long Run Growth England

The Surprising Wealth of Pre-industrial England

Occupations listed in wills reveal that as early as 1560 effectively only 60% of the English engaged in farming. Even by 1817, well into the Industrial Revolution, the equivalent primary share, once we count in food and raw material imports, was still 52%. By implication, incomes in pre-industrial England were close to those of 1800. Urbanization rates are not a good guide to pre-industrial income levels. Many rural workers were engaged in manufacturing, services and trade. The occupation shares also imply pre-industrial England was rich enough in 1560 to rank above the bottom fifth of countries in 2007.Growth, England, Pre-industrial

“A Matter that Concerned Everybody”: A Philosophical–Literary Exploration of Community and Human Connectedness in Albert Camus’s The Plague

Albert Camus’s novel The Plague has typically been read and interpreted either from a philosophical or from a literary perspective. By contrast, this dissertation argues that by examining the complementarity of The Plague’s philosophical and literary (specifically narratological) aspects, a richer analysis is achieved, and Camus’s combined preoccupations as both thinker and writer are highlighted. Focusing on the concepts of separateness, separation, collective experience, and the recognition of human connectedness, the narrative’s account of a community’s response to the outbreak of plague provokes philosophical examination. Drawing on the work of Jan Patočka, this dissertation explores how such a crisis forces the townspeople of Oran to question hitherto accepted norms of separateness and individualism. Similarly, an examination of the text’s narratological techniques, particularly its narrative structure and mode of narration, shows how such literary aspects of the novel are inherently an expression of its philosophical concerns. Thus, through understanding the integrated and inseparable nature of the philosophical and the literary in The Plague, we gain a deeper appreciation of Camus as a fiction writer and as a thinker

Entrepreneurs’ Response to the Dark Side of Knowledge During Covid19

Small business entrepreneurs faced tremendous knowledge-based challenges during COVID19. Some entrepreneurs, even in the same industry sector and city, with similar offerings, responded to these know-ledge challenges in diverse ways. For instance, some chose to adopt online store technologies while others did not. In this study, we investigate differences in retail small business entrepreneurs’ COVID19 resilience enactment using a qualitative retroductive-analytic approach. Identity motives were uncovered as a likely explanatory construct, as those with externally-focused identity motives generally adopted these technologies while those with internally-focused identity motives generally did not. In addition, identity motives appear to influence entrepreneurs’ perceptions of technology affordances, potentially moderating the impact of these perceptions on technology adoption decisions. Contrary to conceptualizations of individual resilience being a trait, we find support that resilience is a mindset. Implications for entrepreneurship theory, practice, and education are discussed

Horizontal Selling Alliances: The Effect Of Organizational Distance And Mutual Trust On Dyadic Working Relationships

In response to complex and uncertain environments, marketers are forming horizontal selling alliances in which sales representatives from two or more independent sales forces work cooperatively as partners to provide joint customer solutions. This study examined how organizational differences, perceived trustworthiness, and trusting behaviours affect the effectiveness of selling partner working relationships. Drawing on social exchange theory and the IMP Interaction Approach, conceptual and structural equation research models were developed. These were operationalized using relationship-level and aggregated individual-level indicators. Hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares and dyadic, self-report data collected from computer sales representatives.;Organizational differences, particularly differences in reputations for professionalism and job stability, were found to play a modest role in affecting perceptions of partner trustworthiness, but had little indirect impact on the mutual satisfaction of the partners, perceived relationship continuity, or perceived task performance. Dimensions of mutual perceived trustworthiness were found to be key determinants of mutual satisfaction, primarily through the intervening trusting behaviours of relationship-specific investment, communication openness, and forbearance from opportunism. In addition, mutual perceived equity and mutual perceived interdependence were found to be key determinants of mutual satisfaction.;The study highlights the importance of developing trust in working relationships, separating the belief and behavioural components of trust, and examining their underlying dimensions to be able to develop recommendations for managers and sales representatives in horizontal selling alliances. It also contributes to our understanding of using relationship-level and aggregated individual-level measures to study dyads as a unit of analysis

Warped Supersymmetric Unification with Non-Unified Superparticle Spectrum

We present a new supersymmetric extension of the standard model. The model is constructed in warped space, with a unified bulk symmetry broken by boundary conditions on both the Planck and TeV branes. In the supersymmetric limit, the massless spectrum contains exotic colored particles along with the particle content of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). Nevertheless, the model still reproduces the MSSM prediction for gauge coupling unification and does not suffer from a proton decay problem. The exotic states acquire masses from supersymmetry breaking, making the model completely viable, but there is still the possibility that these states will be detected at the LHC. The lightest of these states is most likely A_5^XY, the fifth component of the gauge field associated with the broken unified symmetry. Because supersymmetry is broken on the SU(5)-violating TeV brane, the gaugino masses generated at the TeV scale are completely independent of one another. We explore some of the unusual features that the superparticle spectrum might have as a consequence.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Terrorism and political attitudes: Evidence from European social surveys

Terror attacks in Europe have increased substantially since the turn of the last century. Using data from European Social Surveys (ESS), we examine their effects on political attitudes and orientation by comparing within-country survey responses shortly before and after terror attacks involving at least one fatality. At the national level, we find little support for the hypothesis that terror attacks influenced attitudes towards immigration or political orientation. By contrast, there is evidence of post-attack increases in satisfaction with the national government and trust in parliament among ESS respondents living in the region that was attacked.Support came from the Comunidad de Madrid, grant EPUC3M11 (V PRICIT) and grant H2019/HUM-5891

A Balanced Approach to IT Project Management

The primary objectives of this study were to identify how IT projects can be managed using the Balanced Scorecard approach. Although the research is positioned to have potential application within international project management discipline, the analysis is limited to a South African project management perspective and only internal aspects of managing projects are considered