Preventing Unstable Operation of a Synthesis Compressor Using Dynamic System Simulation

Case Study• An example of unexpected dynamic response • Results of an analysis using modeling of the complete compressor installation 1. Lay-out of the compressor system 2. Description of the problem 3. Measurements 4. Analysis by means of a computer model 5. Conclusion

Root Cause Analysis of a Vibration Problem in a Propylene Turbo Compressor

Case StudyProblem:• A newly installed turbo compressor system for propylene showed vibrations in the piping system and rotor. • After that supporting layout was significantly improved measurements showed that vibrations were within the allowable range. • Still the rotor vibrations were not acceptable. • A root cause analysis was carried that showed two likely causes

Why Serious International Crimes Might Not Seem ‘Manifestly Unlawful’ to Low-level Perpetrators:A Social–Psychological Approach to Superior Orders

Article 33 of the International Criminal Court Statute allows low-ranking perpetrators to - in exceptional cases - rely on the defence of superior orders. By doing so, Article 33 might be seen as an acknowledgement that within a specific context orders to commit international crimes might not always be manifest unlawful. Article 33(2), however, restricts the possibility to rely on this defence to perpetrators of war crimes and denies perpetrators of crimes against humanity and genocide a similar defence, since according to Article 33(2), such orders are considered always to be manifestly unlawful. This contribution questions whether such a distinction should be made. Many low-ranking perpetrators involved in such crimes by following superior orders seem to genuinely believe that they were doing the 'right thing'. This article seeks to explain how these perpetrators might have come to such a belief, and the challenge this might represent to the core principles which underpin the concept of individual criminal responsibility