The LHCb VELO Upgrade module construction

The LHCb detector has undergone a major upgrade for LHC Run 3. This Upgrade I detector facilitates operation at higher luminosity and utilises full-detector information at the LHC collision rate, critically including the use of vertex information. A new vertex locator system, the VELO Upgrade, has been constructed. The core element of the new VELO are the double-sided pixelated hybrid silicon detector modules which operate in vacuum close to the LHC beam in a high radiation environment. The construction and quality assurance tests of these modules are described in this paper. The modules incorporate 200 μm thick, n-on-p silicon sensors bump-bonded to 130 nm technology ASICs. These are attached with high precision to a silicon microchannel substrate that uses evaporative CO2 cooling. The ASICs are controlled and read out with flexible printed circuits that are glued to the substrate and wire-bonded to the chips. The mechanical support of the module is given by a carbon fibre plate, two carbon fibre rods and an aluminium plate. The sensor attachment was achieved with an average precision of 21 μm, more than 99.5% of all pixels are fully functional, and a thermal figure of merit of 3 Kcm2W-1 was achieved. The production of the modules was successfully completed in 2021, with the final assembly and installation completed in time for data taking in 2022

Indirect reciprocity and the evolution of “moral signals”

Signals regarding the behavior of others are an essential element of human moral systems and there are important evolutionary connections between language and large-scale cooperation. In particular, social communication may be required for the reputation tracking needed to stabilize indirect reciprocity. Additionally, scholars have suggested that the benefits of indirect reciprocity may have been important for the evolution of language and that social signals may have coevolved with large-scale cooperation. This paper investigates the possibility of such a coevolution. Using the tools of evolutionary game theory, we present a model that incorporates primitive “moral signaling” into a simple setting of indirect reciprocity. This model reveals some potential difficulties for the evolution of “moral signals.” We find that it is possible for “moral signals” to evolve alongside indirect reciprocity, but without some external pressure aiding the evolution of a signaling system, such a coevolution is unlikely

Amplitude analysis of the radiative decay B s 0 → K + K − γ

A search for radiative decay of Bs0 mesons to orbitally excited K+K− states is performed using proton proton collisions recorded by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1. The dikaon spectrum in the mass range mKK < 2400 MeV/c2 is dominated by the ϕ(1020) resonance that accounts for almost 70% of the decay rate. Considering the possible contributions of f2(1270), f2′(1525) and f2(2010) meson states, the overall tensor contribution to the amplitude is measured to beFf2=16.8±0.5stat.±0.7syst.%, mostly dominated by the f2′(1525) state. Several statistically equivalent solutions are obtained for the detailed resonant structure depending on whether the smaller amplitudes interfere destructively or constructively with the dominant amplitude. The preferred solution that corresponds to the lowest values of the fit fractions along with constructive interference leads to the relative branching ratio measurementBBs0→f2′γBBs0→ϕγ=19.4−0.8+0.9stat.−0.5+1.4syst.±0.5B%, where the last uncertainty is due to the ratio of measured branching fractions to the K+K− final state. This result represents the first observation of the radiative Bs0→f2′1525γ decay, which is the second radiative transition observed in the Bs0 sector

Comprehensive analysis of local and nonlocal amplitudes in the B 0 → K *0 μ + μ − decay

A comprehensive study of the local and nonlocal amplitudes contributing to the decay B0 → K*0(→ K+π−)μ+μ− is performed by analysing the phase-space distribution of the decay products. The analysis is based on pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.4 fb−1 collected by the LHCb experiment. This measurement employs for the first time a model of both one-particle and two-particle nonlocal amplitudes, and utilises the complete dimuon mass spectrum without any veto regions around the narrow charmonium resonances. In this way it is possible to explicitly isolate the local and nonlocal contributions and capture the interference between them. The results show that interference with nonlocal contributions, although larger than predicted, only has a minor impact on the Wilson Coefficients determined from the fit to the data. For the local contributions, the Wilson Coefficient C9, responsible for vector dimuon currents, exhibits a 2.1σ deviation from the Standard Model expectation. The Wilson Coefficients C10, C9′ and C10′ are all in better agreement than C9 with the Standard Model and the global significance is at the level of 1.5σ. The model used also accounts for nonlocal contributions from B0→ K*0[τ+τ−→ μ+μ−] rescattering, resulting in the first direct measurement of the bsττ vector effective-coupling C9τ

Amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of B + → D ∗ − D s + π + decays

The decays of the B+ meson to the final state D∗−Ds+π+ are studied in proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1. The ratio of branching fractions of the B+→D∗−Ds+π+ and B0→D∗−Ds+ decays is measured to be 0.173 ± 0.006 ± 0.010, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. Using partially reconstructed Ds∗+→Ds+γ and Ds+π0 decays, the ratio of branching fractions between the B+→D∗−Ds∗+π+ and B+→D∗−Ds+π+ decays is determined as 1.31 ± 0.07 ± 0.14. An amplitude analysis of the B+→D∗−Ds+π+ decay is performed for the first time, revealing dominant contributions from known excited charm resonances decaying to the D*−π+ final state. No significant evidence of exotic contributions in the Ds+π+ or D∗−Ds+ channels is found. The fit fraction of the scalar state Tcs¯0∗2900++ observed in the B+→D−Ds+π+ decay is determined to be less than 2.3% at a 90% confidence level

Transverse polarization measurement of Λ hyperons in pNe collisions at s NN = 68. 4 GeV with the LHCb detector

A measurement of the transverse polarization of the Λ and Λ¯ hyperons in pNe fixed-target collisions at sNN = 68.4 GeV is presented using data collected by the LHCb detector. The polarization is studied using the decay Λ → pπ− together with its charge conjugated process, the integrated values measured arePΛ=0.029±0.019stat±0.012syst, PΛ¯=0.003±0.023stat±0.014syst. Furthermore, the results are shown as a function of the Feynman x variable, transverse momentum, pseudorapidity and rapidity of the hyperons, and are compared with previous measurements

Tracking of charged particles with nanosecond lifetimes at LHCb

A method is presented to reconstruct charged particles with lifetimes between 10ps and 10ns, which considers a combination of their decay products and the partial tracks created by the initial charged particle. Using the Ξ- baryon as a benchmark, the method is demonstrated with simulated events and proton-proton collision data at s=13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.0fb-1 collected with the LHCb detector in 2018. Significant improvements in the angular resolution and the signal purity are obtained. The method is implemented as part of the LHCb Run 3 event trigger in a set of requirements to select detached hyperons. This is the first demonstration of the applicability of this approach at the LHC, and the first to show its scaling with instantaneous luminosity

Observation of the B c + → J / ψ π + π 0 decay

The first observation of the Bc+→J/ψπ+π0 decay is reported with high significance using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1, collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV. The ratio of its branching fraction relative to the Bc+→J/ψπ+ channel is measured to beBBc+→J/ψπ+π0BBc+→J/ψπ+=2.80±0.15±0.11±0.16, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third related to imprecise knowledge of the branching fractions for B+ → J/ψK*+ and Bc+→J/ψπ+ decays, which are used to determine the π0 detection efficiency. The π+π0 mass spectrum is found to be consistent with the dominance of an intermediate ρ+ contribution in accordance with a model based on QCD factorisation

Multiplicity dependence of σ ψ (2 S ) /σ J/ψ in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV

The ratio of production cross-sections of ψ(2S) over J/ψ mesons as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s = 13 TeV is measured with a data sample collected by the LHCb detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 658 pb−1. The ratio is measured for both prompt and non-prompt ψ(2S) and J/ψ mesons. When there is an overlap between the rapidity ranges over which multiplicity and charmonia production are measured, a multiplicity-dependent modification of the ratio is observed for prompt mesons. No significant multiplicity dependence is found when the ranges do not overlap. For non-prompt production, the ψ(2S)-to-J/ψ production ratio is roughly independent of multiplicity, irrespective of the rapidity range over which the multiplicity is measured. The results are compared to predictions of the co-mover model and agree well except in the low multiplicity region. The ratio of production cross-sections of ψ(2S) over J/ψ mesons are cross-checked with other measurements in di-lepton channels and found to be compatible

Amplitude analysis of the Λ b 0 → pK − γ decay

The resonant structure of the radiative decay Λb0→pK−γ in the region of proton-kaon invariant-mass up to 2.5 GeV/c2 is studied using proton-proton collision data recorded at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV collected with the LHCb detector, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9 fb−1. Results are given in terms of fit and interference fractions between the different components contributing to this final state. Only Λ resonances decaying to pK− are found to be relevant, where the largest contributions stem from the Λ(1520), Λ(1600), Λ(1800), and Λ(1890) states