Evaluating the importation of yellow fever cases into China in 2016 and strategies used to prevent and control the spread of the disease

During the yellow fever epidemic in Angola in 2016, cases of yellow fever were reported in China for the first time. The 11 cases, all Chinese nationals returning from Angola, were identified in March and April 2016, one to two weeks after the peak of the Angolan epidemic. One patient died; the other 10 cases recovered after treatment. This paper reviews the epidemiological characteristics of the 11 yellow fever cases imported into China. It examines case detection and disease control and surveillance, and presents recommendations for further action to prevent additional importation of yellow fever into China

Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Overweight in U.S.-Born Children

Background The criticism of the literature on smoking during pregnancy and offspring overweight was the confounding from postnatal factors. Interaction between gestational age and prenatal maternal smoking has not yet assessed. Methods We used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), linked with natality files of US-born singletons aged 2 to 6 years. A body mass index in the 85th percentile or higher were considered overweight, including obesity. Gestational age was dichotomized as preterm (\u3c37 weeks, n = 240) or full-term (n = 2125). Smoking status during pregnancy was ascertained by a questionnaire-based interview during National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results The prevalence of offspring overweight and obesity combined was 17.3% (SE = 1.3%). And 24.0% (1.3%) of mothers smoked while pregnant. A significant interaction was observed between maternal smoking and gestational age. In preterm children, a higher prevalence of overweight (34.3% [6.7%]) was found among the offspring of smoking mothers compared to non-smoking mothers (15.8% [3.6%]). After adjustment for socio-demographics, prenatal and postnatal factors, in preterm born offspring, the odds ratio of being born to smoking mothers was 2.46 (95% confidence intervals: 1.13-5.37) among children with overweight/obesity compared to children with healthy weight born to non-smoking mothers. In full-term children, the OR of being born to smoking mothers was 0.72 (0.50-1.03) among offspring with overweight/obesity relative to offspring with healthy weight born to non-smoking mothers. Conclusions Maternal smoking during pregnancy was strongly associated with offspring overweight and obesity in preterm births after control for postnatal factors. Preterm children of smoking mothers should be prioritized for obesity prevention