Теплообмен во влажных капиллярно-пористых телах различного состава при конвективном нагревании в паровоздушных средах

The results of the study of the heating process of wet capillary-porous bodies of various compositions (meat products) during heat treatment in dry air and steam-air mixture under conditions of forced circulation of the heating medium are presented. The studies were carried out on a moist fat-free sample (chicken fillet meat) and a low-moisture fat sample (pork shoulder blade) formed in the form of a cylinder and a plate. It is shown that the process of heating of meat products of various compositions obeys the laws of the theory of unsteady thermal conductivity of homogeneous bodies, despite the variety of accompanying phase and physico-chemical transformations. It is established that the regular mode of non-stationary thermal conductivity occurs at Fo ≥ 0.2 for all the studied variants. Based on the processing and analysis of experimental data, criterion equations of the form Θ = f(Fo,Bi) for the central layer of the studied products in the temperature range 160–240 °C were obtained. It has been established that the peculiarities of heating of meat products in a vapor-air mixture environment lead to lower values of the coefficients μ1 and N(Bi) at regular operation compared with heating in dry air. It was found that low-moisture fatty samples are characterized by lower values of μ1 and N(Bi) in comparison with moist fat-free ones. As a result of comparison with tabular data for solids, it is shown that the experimental coefficients μ1 and N(Bi) are characterized by lower values for all the studied variants. It is established that the nature of the change in N(Bi) and μ1 for solids and the studied products is opposite, i.e., with an increase in the number of Bi, an increase in N(Bi) and μ1 is characteristic for solids, while their decrease is characteristic for the studied products. The practical significance of the research consists in improving the quality characteristics of minced meat products and optimizing operational production planning through the use of the methodology of predictive calculation of the duration of thermal operations.Приведены результаты исследования процесса нагревания влажных капиллярно-пористых тел различного состава (мясных изделий) при термообработке в сухом воздухе и паровоздушной смеси в условиях вынужденной циркуляции греющей среды. Исследования проводились на влажном обезжиренном образце (мясо куриного филе) и маловлажном жирном образце (лопаточная часть свинины), сформованных в виде цилиндра и пластины. Показано, что процесс нагревания мясных изделий различного состава подчиняется закономерностям теории нестационарной теплопроводности однородных тел, несмотря на многообразие сопутствующих фазовых и физико-химических преобразований. Установлено, что регулярный режим нестационарной теплопроводности наступает при Fo ≥ 0,2 для всех исследуемых вариантов. На основании обработки и анализа экспериментальных данных получены критериальные уравнения вида Θ = f(Fo,Bi) для центрального слоя исследуемых изделий в диапазоне температур 160–240 °С. Установлено, что особенности нагревания мясных изделий в среде паровоздушной смеси приводят к меньшим значениям коэффициентов μ1 и N(Bi) при регулярном режиме по сравнению с нагреванием в сухом воздухе. При этом для маловлажных жирных образцов характерны более низкие значения μ1 и N(Bi) по сравнению с влажными обезжиренными. В результате сравнения с табличными данными для твердых тел показано, что экспериментальные коэффициенты μ1 и N(Bi) характеризуются меньшими значениями для всех исследуемых вариантов. Установлено, что характер изменения N(Bi) и μ1 для твердых тел и изучаемых изделий противоположен, то есть при росте числа Bi для твердых тел характерно увеличение N(Bi) и μ1, в то время как для исследуемых изделий характерно их уменьшение. Практическая значимость исследований состоит в повышении качественных характеристик мясных рубленых изделий и оптимизации оперативного производственного планирования за счет применения методики прогнозного расчета продолжительности тепловых операций

Genome-wide significant association with seven novel multiple sclerosis risk loci

Objective: A recent large-scale study in multiple sclerosis (MS) using the ImmunoChip platform reported on 11 loci that showed suggestive genetic association with MS. Additional data in sufficiently sized and independent data sets are needed to assess whether these loci represent genuine MS risk factors. Methods: The lead SNPs of all 11 loci were genotyped in 10 796 MS cases and 10 793 controls from Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Austria and Russia, that were independent from the previously reported cohorts. Association analyses were performed using logistic regression based on an additive model. Summary effect size estimates were calculated using fixed-effect meta-analysis. Results: Seven of the 11 tested SNPs showed significant association with MS susceptibility in the 21 589 individuals analysed here. Meta-analysis across our and previously published MS case-control data (total sample size n=101 683) revealed novel genome-wide significant association with MS susceptibility (p<5×10−8) for all seven variants. This included SNPs in or near LOC100506457 (rs1534422, p=4.03×10−12), CD28 (rs6435203, p=1.35×10−9), LPP (rs4686953, p=3.35×10−8), ETS1 (rs3809006, p=7.74×10−9), DLEU1 (rs806349, p=8.14×10−12), LPIN3 (rs6072343, p=7.16×10−12) and IFNGR2 (rs9808753, p=4.40×10−10). Cis expression quantitative locus effects were observed in silico for rs6435203 on CD28 and for rs9808753 on several immunologically relevant genes in the IFNGR2 locus. Conclusions: This study adds seven loci to the list of genuine MS genetic risk factors and further extends the list of established loci shared across autoimmune diseases

Genome-wide significant association with seven novel multiple sclerosis risk loci

Objective: A recent large-scale study in multiple sclerosis (MS) using the ImmunoChip platform reported on 11 loci that showed suggestive genetic association with MS. Additional data in sufficiently sized and independent data sets are needed to assess whether these loci represent genuine MS risk factors. Methods: The lead SNPs of all 11 loci were genotyped in 10 796 MS cases and 10 793 controls from Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Austria and Russia, that were independent from the previously reported cohorts. Association analyses were performed using logistic regression based on an additive model. Summary effect size estimates were calculated using fixed-effect meta-analysis. Results: Seven of the 11 tested SNPs showed significant association with MS susceptibility in the 21 589 individuals analysed here. Meta-analysis across our and previously published MS case-control data (total sample size n=101 683) revealed novel genome-wide significant association with MS susceptibility (p<5×10−8) for all seven variants. This included SNPs in or near LOC100506457 (rs1534422, p=4.03×10−12), CD28 (rs6435203, p=1.35×10−9), LPP (rs4686953, p=3.35×10−8), ETS1 (rs3809006, p=7.74×10−9), DLEU1 (rs806349, p=8.14×10−12), LPIN3 (rs6072343, p=7.16×10−12) and IFNGR2 (rs9808753, p=4.40×10−10). Cis expression quantitative locus effects were observed in silico for rs6435203 on CD28 and for rs9808753 on several immunologically relevant genes in the IFNGR2 locus. Conclusions: This study adds seven loci to the list of genuine MS genetic risk factors and further extends the list of established loci shared across autoimmune diseases

Using big data to assess the economic potential of organizations

The article of the economic potential depends on the availability of a stable state in which the company is able to make timely payments and Finance its own activities. The success of an enterprise is unthinkable without the availability of timely and reliable information about the state of the market, in which a large number of competing companies are forced to continuously lower their margins. Those who are able to objectively evaluate the huge flows of information about the state of the market and respond accordingly to them come out as the winner in this «arena», for this purpose, work with «Big data» is performed

Benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital - hepatic monooxygenase system phenobarbital-like inducers

Benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital as monooxygenase system inductors increase the hepatic cytochrome P-450 level and the content of its isoenzymes 2B6, 2C9, 2Å1, accelerate aminopyrine, 7-ethoxyresorufine, 7-pentoxyresorufine, aniline and androstendione oxidation. Activity of benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital as inductors is to a large degree due to the action of their major metabolite — phenobarbital. Benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital unlike phenobarbital induce isoenzyme 3A4, responsible for androstendione 16b-OH-hydroxylation. PCN-type induction activity posses also native molecules of benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital

Бензобарбитал и фторбензобарбитал - индукторы фенобарбиталового типа монооксигеназной системы печени

Benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital as monooxygenase system inductors increase the hepatic cytochrome P-450 level and the content of its isoenzymes 2B6, 2C9, 2Å1, accelerate aminopyrine, 7-ethoxyresorufine, 7-pentoxyresorufine, aniline and androstendione oxidation. Activity of benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital as inductors is to a large degree due to the action of their major metabolite — phenobarbital. Benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital unlike phenobarbital induce isoenzyme 3A4, responsible for androstendione 16b-OH-hydroxylation. PCN-type induction activity posses also native molecules of benzobarbital and fluorbenzobarbital.Бензобарбитал и фторбензобарбитал как индукторы монооксигеназной системы повышают в печени суммарное содержание цитохрома Р-450 и количество его изоферментов 2B6, 2С9, 2Е1, ускоряют окисление амидопирина, этоксирезоруфина, пентокси-резоруфина, анилина, андростендиона. Ферментиндуцирующая активность бензобарбитала и фторбензобарбитала в значительной степени обусловлена действием их основного метаболита - фенобарбитала. В отличие от фенобарбитала бензобарбитал и фторбензобарбитал индуцируют изофермент 3А4, ответственный за 16р-ОН-гидроксилирование андростендиона. В связи с этим нельзя исключить индуцирующую активность нативных молекул бензобарбитала и фторбензобарбитала по PCN-типу