Enrollment and follow-up in study, Tori-Bossito, Benin, 2007–2010.

<p>Enrollment and follow-up in study, Tori-Bossito, Benin, 2007–2010.</p

Table of descriptive variables of the two latent groups.

<p>Table of descriptive variables of the two latent groups.</p

Trajectories for haemoglobin (3 to 18 months of age).

<p>Trajectories for haemoglobin (3 to 18 months of age).</p

Changes of mean haemoglobin level of children during the first year of life according to mother's malaria status at delivery.

<p>Children born to mothers infected by malaria had a lower haemoglobin concentration than children born to non-infected mothers and this trend persisted during all first year of life.</p

Effects of covariates among trajectories.

*<p>The null hypothesis is that the covariate has the same effect for each trajectory. A significant p-value is consistent with a different effect of the covariate for each group.</p

Risk factors for children’s haemoglobin progression from 3 to 18 months of life in each latent class identified by the Latent Class Analysis, Benin, 2007–2010.

<p>Risk factors for children’s haemoglobin progression from 3 to 18 months of life in each latent class identified by the Latent Class Analysis, Benin, 2007–2010.</p

Study procedures.

<p>During follow-up, socio-demographic, economic, clinical and biological data were collected in mothers at 1^st antenatal clinical visit (ANC), 2^nd ANC and delivery. The same data were also recorded in infants at birth, 6, 9 and 12 months of life. Outside of scheduled visit, haemoglobin concentration and blood smear were performed when malaria signs were present.</p

Factors associated with newborn haemoglobin concentration at birth in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 392 (Univariate and multivariate linear regressions).

<p>(-) Association was not significant in multivariate analysis; 95% CI: Confidence Interval to 95%</p><p>IPTp: Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy</p><p>^† Malaria infection detected in placenta by histology (included past, chronic and active infection).</p><p>Factors associated with newborn haemoglobin concentration at birth in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 392 (Univariate and multivariate linear regressions).</p

Flowchart diagram of follow-up.

<p>Infants who were absent more than 3 consecutive months, and not seen before their 12 months were considered as lost to follow-up. During the study, five infants (0.1%) were lost to follow-up and sixteen (0.4%) died. The main reasons of death were: acute respiratory infection (4), neonatal icterus (1), severe malaria (2), unknown disease (7), congenital biliary atresia (1). Among these deaths, only 1.2% (2/16) of infants have been bring to hospital by parents.</p

Relation between placental malaria infection or maternal peripheral parasitaemia at delivery and infant haemoglobin level (g/L) during the first year of life in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 337 (multilevel linear regression).

<p>Hb: Haemoglobin; 95% CI: Confidence Interval to 95%</p><p>^† Adjusted for estimation of pre-pregnancy body max index, infant malaria infection, fever episode and inflammatory syndrome, acid folic concentration at birth and infant age</p><p>* Estimated by maximum likelihood method</p><p>** Estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method.</p><p>The intraclass coefficient of Hb variations was estimated at 0.35. Thus, 65% of the total variance could be explained by the model.</p><p>Relation between placental malaria infection or maternal peripheral parasitaemia at delivery and infant haemoglobin level (g/L) during the first year of life in district of Allada, Benin 2010–2012, N = 337 (multilevel linear regression).</p