Ohio v. Clark: Testimonial Statements Under the Confrontation Clause

In Crawford v. Washington, the Supreme Court declared that an accused right under the Constitution to confront the witnesses against him applied only to “testimonial statements.” That decision, however, did not attempt to fully define the scope of testimonial statements. This commentary analyzes Ohio v. Clark, a case which will decide the question of whether statements made by a child to a person with a duty to report allegations of child abuse are testimonial statements. In this case a young child was questioned at school by a teaching assistant about his injuries. This statement was then offered in the criminal trial of the accused abuser without the child testifying. The Author argues that this statement, applying the test of Davis v. Washington, qualifies as non-testimonial and so survives the challenge under the Confrontation Clause

Localization of the eigenvalues of linear integral equations with applications to linear ordinary differential equations

Localization of linear integral equation eigenvalues with applications to linear ordinary differential equation

A feasibility study of industrial hemp on Virginia commercial poultry production

This project sought to characterize industrial hemp as a potential competitive agricultural commodity for the state of Virginia. Specifically, industrial hempseed was evaluated as a feedstock for the commercial broiler (meat-chickens) industry in Virginia. Data were gathered to identify both the advantages and disadvantages of industrial hempseed as a nutritional resource for broilers. Key nutritional compositions were identified, quantified, and compared to several common feed ingredients, such as soybean, wheat, corn, and sorghum. Hempseed (whole seed) was found to have a considerably high amino acid content, protein, fiber, and metabolizable energy – making it an attractive alternative to conventional feedstuffs. However, there are several challenges that exist for the introduction of whole hempseed to commercial poultry diets. It should be noted that, “hemp is currently not an allowable component of commercial feed for animals that produce food for humans, and is not defined as a feed ingredient by the [Association of American Feed Control Officials] AAFCO” [1]. This is due to the uncertainties of the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids in broilers (and therefore in humans by consumption). Further research must be conducted to understand the effects of cannabinoids, notably delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), on broilers when present in their diets

\u3ci\u3eEx Parte Young\u3c/i\u3e and Federal Remedies for Human Rights Treaty Violations

The doctrine of Ex parte Young is typically described as an exception to the immunity granted by the Eleventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. This Article contends that the Young doctrine also stands for the proposition that the Supremacy Clause creates an implied right of action for injunctive relief against state and local government officers who violate federal statutes or treaties. That right of action is available to plaintiffs who seek to enforce federal statutes or treaties against government officers unless Congress foreclosed the availability of a Young remedy when it enacted the statute, or the treaty makers foreclosed the availability of a Young remedy when they adopted the treaty. A Young remedy is therefore available to plaintiffs who raise treaty-based human rights claims against state or local government officers, because the treaty makers did not foreclose the availability of a Young remedy when they ratified human rights treaties

The Facts Behind the Faces: A Fact Sheet from the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless (2011)

More than 656,000 people experienced homelessness on a typical night in the United States in 2011. Nearly two-thirds of people suffering from homelessness are individuals and the other third are people in families (parents and their children). There was a 3 percent rise in homelessness na-tionwide between 2008 and 2009, with the number of people suffering from homelessness increasing in 31 states. Meanwhile, "doubled-up" households that move in with friends or relatives in order to reduce their housing cost burden, rose 12 percent over the course of 2009. Chicago Coalition for the Homeless estimates that 93,779 unduplicated individuals exper-ence homelessness over the course of a year. One of the primary data sources is the number of homeless children identified by the public schools. We believe this to be one of the most reliable data sources on numbers of homeless people. The past two years, the number of homeless children in Chicago Public Schools increased 24% , to 15,580 in 2010-11. The city of Chicago does a point-in-time count every other year to deter-mine the number of homeless people in shelters or on the street one night. The 2011 count was done on January 25, 2011 and found 6,546 individuals who were homeless that night. Includes national, state, and local data; information about youth homelessness, violence and homelessness, and incarceration homelessness; charts, graphs, and statistics