Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

Approximately 30% of glioma patients are able to survive beyond one year postdiagnosis. And this short time is often overshadowed by glioma-associated epilepsy. This condition severely impairs the patient’s quality of life and causes great suffering. The genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumour development and epileptogenesis remain incompletely understood, leading to numerous unanswered questions. The various types of gliomas, namely glioblastoma, astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, demonstrate distinct seizure susceptibility and disease progression patterns. Patterns have been identified in the presence of IDH mutations and epilepsy, with tumour location in cortical regions, particularly the frontal lobe, showing a more frequent association with seizures. Altered expression of TP53, MGMT and VIM is frequently detected in tumour cells from individuals with epilepsy associated with glioma. However, understanding the pathogenesis of these modifications poses a challenge. Moreover, hypoxic effects induced by glioma and associated with the HIF-1a factor may have a significant impact on epileptogenesis, potentially resulting in epileptiform activity within neuronal networks. We additionally hypothesise about how the tumour may affect the functioning of neuronal ion channels and contribute to disruptions in the blood–brain barrier resulting in spontaneous depolarisations

Possibility of implementation of dry technology of gold-bearing ores roughing: case study of “Gurbey” deposit

The aim of the research is to identify the ability/feasibility of dry roughing of ore taking as the example “Gurbey” deposit in Irkutsk Region and to develop a rational scheme for processing ores containing free gold. Studies of the dry processing technology of gold-bearing ore at “Gurbey” deposit with the initial weight of 1,123.8 kg were carried out by semi-industrial plants: the DKD-300 combined shock impact crusher, the CMVU-800 centrifugal mill and the POS-2000 air separator developed by CNMI SD RAS. The sample was subjected to two cycles of crushing and four cycles of grinding followed by pneumatic separation. The circulating load is class +12 mm after the DKD-300 crusher, and for the mill, all screening products are +3 mm, as well as the products of classification -3 + 1 mm of the POS-2000 concentrate. As a result of treatment of the concentration products, 23.93 grams of free gold was recovered (concentration on tables: control, recleaning, concentration of the Mosely minerals by analyzer, magnetic separation, heavy medium separation on bromoform). At the same time, it was established that gold from the ore with initial size of 150 mm can be completely stripped and recovered with the POS-2000 air separator with a particle size of up to 100 microns. At the same time gold extraction into the primary concentrate is up to 60%. Based on the results of the research, a basic scheme for dry roughing of “Gurbey” ore containing “free” native gold was developed using the ore treatment devices: RD-MDV-900, DKD-300 crushers, CMVU-800 centrifugal mill and POS-2000 air separator. The technological scheme is fundamental for gold-bearing ores containing "free" gold of fineness over 100 microns

Possibility of implementation of dry technology of gold-bearing ores roughing: case study of “Gurbey” deposit

The aim of the research is to identify the ability/feasibility of dry roughing of ore taking as the example “Gurbey” deposit in Irkutsk Region and to develop a rational scheme for processing ores containing free gold. Studies of the dry processing technology of gold-bearing ore at “Gurbey” deposit with the initial weight of 1,123.8 kg were carried out by semi-industrial plants: the DKD-300 combined shock impact crusher, the CMVU-800 centrifugal mill and the POS-2000 air separator developed by CNMI SD RAS. The sample was subjected to two cycles of crushing and four cycles of grinding followed by pneumatic separation. The circulating load is class +12 mm after the DKD-300 crusher, and for the mill, all screening products are +3 mm, as well as the products of classification -3 + 1 mm of the POS-2000 concentrate. As a result of treatment of the concentration products, 23.93 grams of free gold was recovered (concentration on tables: control, recleaning, concentration of the Mosely minerals by analyzer, magnetic separation, heavy medium separation on bromoform). At the same time, it was established that gold from the ore with initial size of 150 mm can be completely stripped and recovered with the POS-2000 air separator with a particle size of up to 100 microns. At the same time gold extraction into the primary concentrate is up to 60%. Based on the results of the research, a basic scheme for dry roughing of “Gurbey” ore containing “free” native gold was developed using the ore treatment devices: RD-MDV-900, DKD-300 crushers, CMVU-800 centrifugal mill and POS-2000 air separator. The technological scheme is fundamental for gold-bearing ores containing "free" gold of fineness over 100 microns

Dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysates induced by tetracyanotetra(aryl)porphyrazines-based photodynamic therapy effectively trigger anti-tumor immunity in an orthotopic mouse glioma model

Research in the past decade on immunogenic cell death (ICD) has shown that the immunogenicity of dying tumor cells is crucial for effective anticancer therapy. ICD induction leads to the emission of specific damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which act as danger signals and as adjuvants to activate specific anti-tumor immune responses, leading to the elimination of tumor cells and the formation of long-term immunological memory. ICD can be triggered by many anticancer treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, due to the variety of photosensitizers used and the lack of a universally adopted PDT protocol, there is a need to develop novel PDT with a proven ICD capability. In the present study, we characterized the abilities of two photoactive dyes to induce ICD in experimental glioma in vitro and in vivo. One dye was from the tetracyanotetra(aryl)porphyrazine group with 9-phenanthrenyl (pz I), and the other was from the 4-(4-fluorobenzyoxy)phenyl (pz III) group in the aryl frame of the macrocycle. We showed that after the photosensitizers penetrated into murine glioma GL261 cells, they localized predominantly in the Golgi apparatus and partially in the endoplasmic reticulum, providing efficient phototoxic activity against glioma GL261 cells upon light irradiation at a dose of 20 J/cm2 (lambda ex 630 nm; 20 mW/cm2). We demonstrated that pz I-PDT and pz III-PDT can act as efficient ICD inducers when applied to glioma GL261 cells, facilitating the release of two crucial DAMPs (ATP and HMGB1). Moreover, glioma GL261 cells stimulated with pz I-PDT or pz III-PDT provided strong protection against tumor growth in a prophylactic subcutaneous glioma vaccination model. Finally, we showed that dendritic cell (DC) vaccines pulsed with the lysates of glioma GL261 cells pre-treated with pz-I-PDT or pz-III-PDT could act as effective inducers of adaptive anti-tumor immunity in an intracranial orthotopic glioma mouse model

Glass-Ceramic Synthesis of Cr-Substituted Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles with Enhanced Coercivity

Magnetically hard ferrites attract considerable interest due to their ability to maintain a high coercivity of nanosized particles and therefore show promising applications as nanomagnets ranging from magnetic recording to biomedicine. Herein, we report an approach to prepare nonsintered single-domain nanoparticles of chromium-substituted hexaferrite via crystallization of glass in the system SrO–Fe2O3–Cr2O3–B2O3. We have observed a formation of plate-like hexaferrite nanoparticles with diameters changing from 20 to 190 nm depending on the annealing temperature. We demonstrated that chromium substitution led to a significant improvement of the coercivity, which varied from 334 to 732 kA m−1 for the smallest and the largest particles, respectively. The results provide a new strategy for producing high-coercivity ferrite nanomagnets

Predictors of the response to etanercept in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis without systemic manifestations within 12 months: results of an open-label, prospective study conducted at the National Scientific and Practical Center of Children's Health, Russia

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of etanercept treatment and to identify predictors of response to therapy within 12 months in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) without systemic manifestations. Methods A total of 197 juvenile patients were enrolled in this study. Response to therapy was assessed using the ACRPedi 30/50/70/90 criteria, the Wallace criteria, and the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 71 (JADAS-71). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential baseline factors associated with treatment response in different JIA categories. Results One year after treatment initiation, 179 (90.9%) patients achieved ACRPedi30; 177 (89.8%) patients achieved ACRPedi50; 168 (85.3%) patients achieved ACRPedi70; and 135 (68.5%) patients achieved ACRPedi90 response. A total of 132 (67.0%) and 92 (46.7%) patients achieved inactive disease according to the Wallace criteria and the JADAS-71 cut-off point, respectively. Excellent response (achieving ACRPedi90 and clinically inactive disease according both to the Wallace criteria and the JADAS71 cut-off point) was associated with persistent oligoarticular JIA category, shorter disease duration before the start of etanercept, a lower number of DMARDs used before the introduction of etanercept, a lower number of joints with limited motion, and lower C-reactive protein at baseline. Poor response (failure to achieve ACR 70 or active disease according to both the Wallace criteria and JADAS71 even when ACR 70 was achieved) was associated with the polyarticular or enthesitis-related JIA categories, higher disease duration before the start of etanercept, and older age at disease onset. Conclusion Almost half (45.7%) of the patients who initiated etanercept treatment achieved an excellent response (inactive disease and ACRPedi90) after 1 year. What may be novel is our finding that the response to etanercept therapy was strongly associated with the JIA category. The response to etanercept therapy was also associated with the disease duration before the start of etanercept treatment