6 research outputs found
Celiac artery in New Zealand rabbit: anatomical study of its origin and arrangement for experimental research and surgical practice ArtĂ©ria celĂaca em coelhos Nova Zelândia: estudo anatĂ´mico de sua origem e arranjo para a pesquisa experimental e a prática cirĂşrgica
Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.<br>Os coelhos tĂŞm sido usados como modelo experimental em diferentes patologias e para estudos de toxicologia, farmacologia e cirurgia em várias universidades. Entretanto apesar de sua grande utilização, muitos aspectos de sua macroanatomia, em especial os que se referem ao sistema vascular arterial que irrigam as viscerais abdomino-pĂ©lvicas ainda carecem de uma descrição mais detalhada, pois os vasos arteriais apresentam grande variabilidade na sua distribuição e trajeto. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos, 13 machos e 17 fĂŞmeas, pesando em media 2,5 kg e apresentando comprimento rostro-sacral em torno de 40cm. A artĂ©ria aorta torácica foi canulada e atravĂ©s da mesma foi feita Ă fixação com solução de formaldeĂdo a 10% e repleções vasculares com solução de Petrolátex S65 corado. A artĂ©ria celĂaca e suas ramificações proximais foram dissecadas ao longo do seu percurso, registrando com auxĂlio de um paquĂmetro seu comprimento e sua esqueletopia. A artĂ©ria celĂaca teve sua emergĂŞncia de forma Ăşnica diretamente da artĂ©ria aorta abdominal em todos os animais dissecados. Emitiu inicialmente a artĂ©ria lienal e a seguir a artĂ©ria gástrica esquerda que se continuou como hepática em todos os 30 animais. A artĂ©ria celĂaca teve sua origem entre a 12ÂŞe 13ÂŞ vĂ©rtebra torácica em 11 animais (36,7 %), na 13ÂŞ vĂ©rtebra torácica em 6 (20 %), entre a 13ÂŞ vĂ©rtebra torácica e a 1ÂŞ vĂ©rtebra lombar em 12 (40 %) e na 1ÂŞ vĂ©rtebra lombar em apenas 1 animal (3,3%). O comprimento mĂ©dio da artĂ©ria celĂaca foi de 0,5cm. NĂŁo foi observada relação entre o comprimento da artĂ©ria celĂaca e o comprimento rostro-sacral dos coelhos. O nĂşmero de artĂ©rias gástricas esquerdas, ramificações principais da artĂ©ria lienal, bem como a origem da artĂ©ria celĂaca independeram do sexo do animal
Genome-wide association identifies nine common variants associated with fasting proinsulin levels and provides new insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
OBJECTIVE - Proinsulin is a precursor of mature insulin and C-peptide. Higher circulating proinsulin levels are associated with impaired b-cell function, raised glucose levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies of the insulin processing pathway could provide new insights about T2D pathophysiology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We have conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association tests of ;2.5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and fasting proinsulin levels in 10,701 nondiabetic adults of European ancestry, with follow-up of 23 loci in up to 16,378 individuals, using additive genetic models adjusted for age, sex, fasting insulin, and study-specific covariates. RESULTS - Nine SNPs at eight loci were associated with proinsulin levels (P < 5 Ă— 10-8). Two loci (LARP6 and SGSM2) have not been previously related to metabolic traits, one (MADD) has been associated with fasting glucose, one (PCSK1) has been implicated in obesity, and four (TCF7L2, SLC30A8, VPS13C/ C2CD4A/B, and ARAP1, formerly CENTD2) increase T2D risk. The proinsulin-raising allele of ARAP1 was associated with a lower fasting glucose (P = 1.7 3 10-4), improved b-cell function (P = 1.1 Ă— 10-5), and lower risk of T2D (odds ratio 0.88; P = 7.8 Ă— 10-6). Notably, PCSK1 encodes the protein prohormone convertase 1/3, the first enzyme in the insulin processing pathway. A genotype score composed of the nine proinsulin-raising alleles was not associated with coronary disease in two large case-control datasets. CONCLUSIONS - We have identified nine genetic variants associated with fasting proinsulin. Our findings illuminate the biology underlying glucose homeostasis and T2D development in humans and argue against a direct role of proinsulin in coronary artery disease pathogenesis