Conjunctival macrophage-mediated influence of the local and systemic immune response after corneal herpes simplex virus-1 infection

Recently it has been shown that selective subconjunctival macrophage depletion reduced the incidence and severity of stromal herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis in mice. In this study, we examined the effect of conjunctival macrophage depletion on the corneal and systemic T-cell-mediated immune response. BALB/c mice were treated with subconjunctival injections of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl(2)MDP)-liposomes (Cl(2)MDP-LIP) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 7 and 2 days before corneal infection with 10(5) plaque-forming units (PFU) of HSV-1 (KOS strain). Interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-4 production in the cornea was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cytokine mRNA levels (IFN-γ, IL-4) were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell culture supernatants from submandibular lymph nodes were analysed by ELISA for expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 and by bioassay for IL-6. The HSV-1-specific proliferative response of lymphocytes from regional lymph nodes and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response were tested after corneal infection. Virus-neutralizing antibody titres and HSV-1-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)2a/IgG1-ratios were measured. Cytokine mRNA expression (IFN-γ, IL-4) and secretion (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4) in the corneas were decreased after HSV-1 corneal infection in the macrophage-depleted mice. The secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2 was decreased in the regional lymph nodes from Cl(2)MDP-LIP-treated animals (P < 0·05). Furthermore, Cl(2)MDP-LIP-treated mice had decreased HSV-1 specific proliferative responses (P < 0·05) and DTH response after corneal HSV-1 infection (P < 0·05). The virus-neutralizing serum-antibody levels (P < 0·05) increased while the HSV-1 specific IgG2a/IgG1-ratio was unaffected after macrophage depletion. Macrophage depletion did not induce a shift between the T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 response in this HSK model. The data suggest that conjunctival macrophage functions are enhancing the T-cell-mediated immune response after corneal infection. This effect is at least in part responsible for the impaired course of herpetic keratitis after macrophage depletion

Soil degradation as a reason for inadequate human nutrition

Food security, Hidden hunger, Desertification, Soil quality, Sustainable agriculture,