64 research outputs found
The Role of Forests in Agricultural Production
Veza i suživot Äovjeka i Å”ume traje od njegovog nastanka do danaÅ”njih dana, a obilježen je kultom Å”ume kojeg Äovjek uvažava i njeguje od prvih kontakata. Äovjek je sjeÄom, krÄenjem i paljenjem Å”uma dobivao ogrjev i hranu te je tako stvarao uvjete za svoj opstanak. Iz straha da ne izazove bijes āÅ”umskih moÄnih biÄaā, za koje je vjerovao da žive u Å”umi, pojedine dijelove Å”ume je ostavljao nedirnute te ih je nazivao āsveti gajeviā. OsjeÄao je da u Å”umi postoji neÅ”to snažno i izvanzemaljsko pa je tako prije nekih 2.000 godina poÄeo saditi i uzgajati drveÄe oko kuÄa i stvarati perivoje i ambijent Å”ume u kojoj je tražio mir i spokoj. Danas shvaÄamo da je taj kult izazivao fenomen koji Å”ume trajno imaju, a nazivamo ga opÄekorisna dobra ili funkcije Å”uma. Zato Å”ume imaju izuzetno znaÄenje i utjecaj na život i opstanak Äovjeka. OpÄekorisna dobra Å”umarska znanost danas dijeli na ekoloÅ”ka ili zaÅ”titna, druÅ”tvena ili socijalna, te socijalno-ekofizioloÅ”ka. Navedena dobra opisom njihovog znaÄenja i vrijednoÅ”Äu ugraÄena su u Zakon o Å”umama i ostale pravne dokumente koji reguliraju ulogu i položaj Å”uma u naÅ”em okruženju. U Zakonu o Å”umama navedeno je petnaest opÄekorisnih funkcija, a financijski se njihov doprinos i znaÄenje razvrstavaju i obraÄunavaju u deset vrijednosnih skupina. Pored toga Å”to ta dobra pozitivno utjeÄu na životne uvjete Äovjeka, isto tako veÄina njih ima i znaÄajnih uÄinaka na poljoprivrednu proizvodnju: zaÅ”tiÄuju od erozije, sprjeÄavaju pojave bujica i poplava, uravnotežuju vodni režim, poveÄavaju plodnost tla i poljodjelsku proizvodnju, ublažavaju klimu te u procesu fotosinteze iz CO2 u drveÄe i ostalo Å”umsko bilje ugraÄuju ugljik i oslobaÄaju kisik. Posebna i znaÄajna veza Å”ume i agrikulture je u Äinjenici da se sve naÅ”e autohtone voÄarske i vinogradarske vrste, nazivane divlje, i danas nalaze u strukturi naÅ”ih prirodnih Å”uma te su im bioloÅ”ka svojstva i ekoloÅ”ki zahtjevi usklaÄeni i prilagoÄeni mezoklimatskim i mikroklimatskim uvjetima koje Å”uma stvara. Temeljem svega navedenoga nužno je posebno istaknuti ekoloÅ”ku i bioloÅ”ku povezanost Å”uma i poljoprivrednih kultura. Svaka suvisla, prirodna Å”uma, stvara svoju klimu koja utjeÄe na njezin bliži i dalji okoliÅ”, posebice na voÄarske i vinogradarske kulture. Poznato je da kod nas dobru kvalitetu grožÄa i vina daju vinogradi podignuti na južnim i jugozapadnim Å”umovitim obroncima naÅ”ih gora kao Å”to su PljeÅ”ivica, IvanÄica, Kalnik, Papuk, Krndija i dr. Europski vinogradari su uoÄili znaÄenje Å”uma za uspijevanje vinograda te podižu vinograde u okruženju Å”uma ili podižu Å”ume unutar veÄih kompleksa vinograda, Å”to je vidljivo na južnim padinama Å”umovitog Schwarzwalda u NjemaÄkoj te Vogeza u Francuskoj, poznatih po vrlo kvalitetnim i cijenjenim vinima. Å ume Krndije, povrÅ”ine 22.451 ha, vrlo su stabilne, produktivne i bioloÅ”ki raznolike, u svom sastavu imaju Äetrnaest prirodnih Å”umskih zajednica te preko pedeset, pretežno autohtonih vrsta drveÄa. Pisana povijest Krndije je stara i duga kao i povijest Kutjeva i njegovih vinograda. Dolaskom katoliÄkoga reda cistercita 1232. poÄinje krÄenje Å”uma, sadnja vinograda i drugih poljodjelskih kultura kao i izgradnja podruma i proizvodnja vina. Kutjevo, kutjevaÄko dobro, vinogradi i Å”ume spominju se i za vrijeme Turaka 1698.-1773, potom 1689.-1698. kad je dobro u vlasniÅ”tvu zagrebaÄkog kanonika i opata J. J. BabiÄa. Isusovci upravljaju Å”umama i vinogradima Kutjeva 1698.-1773., Hrvatska naukovna zaklada gospodari imanjem 1773.-1880., a obitelj TurkoviÄ preuzima dobro Kutjevo 1882. i u njezinom vlasniÅ”tvu ostaje do 1945. Nakon 1945. dobro se orjentira na vinarstvo i vinogradarstvo te je na tom podruÄju u stalnom usponu, a sa Å”umama Krndije gospodare Uprave Å”uma u vlasniÅ”tvu države Hrvatske. Tijekom duge povijesti i razvoja Kutjeva, njegovih vinograda i Å”uma, Å”ume Krndije su vjerni i korisni pratioci toga razvoja i uvijek su uz vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo popunjavali i kompletirali gospodarske aktivnosti i prihode njihovih vlasnika. Bijela graÅ”evina je sorta grožÄa koja se u Kutjevu na južnim obroncima Krndije uzgaja preko stotinu godina. Na tim padinama Å”ume i vinogradi isprepleÄu se, izmjenjuju i okružuju te meÄusobno utjeÄu jedni na druge. To je razlog, pored ostalih, Å”to je graÅ”evina na tom podruÄju razvila takva svojstva, koja je izdvajaju i razlikuju od njezinih svih srodnica uzgajanih na drugim podruÄjima, te je Äine jedinstvenom. DugogodiÅ”njim uzgojem na za nju izvanredno povoljnim staniÅ”tima, razvila je kvalitetna svojstva do tada neprepoznatljiva za tu sortu. To se dobrim dijelom može objasniti Äinjenicom da kutjevaÄki vinogradi rastu na onim povrÅ”inama gdje od iskona rastu Å”ume Krndije. One svojim mezoklimatskim, mikroklimatskim i ostalim Äimbenicima utjeÄu na vinovu lozu, koja od iskona kao divlja raste u tim Å”umama, jer su ekoloÅ”ki zahtjevi i bioloÅ”ka svojstva prilagoÄeni optimalnim uvjetima, a upravo ih Å”uma svojim postojanjem te rastom i prirastom stvara. Uvjeti tla i klime dobrim su dijelom proizvod Å”ume pa prema istraživanjima o bonitiranju tla za vinograde sudjeluju s maksimalnom ocjenom 85 %, dok svi ostali uvjeti sudjeluju s 15 %. Zbog svega navedenoga možemo tvrditi da je utjecaj Å”uma na poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, a posebice na vinogradarstvo i vinarstvo znaÄajan i velik. Nužno je stoga trajno uzgajati i podizati vinograde plemenite kutjevaÄke bijele graÅ”evine kao i Å”ume Krndije.The relationship between the man and the forest has been a continuous one since the very beginnings of mankind. It is marked by forest cult, which the man has respected and nurtured since the earliest days of contact. By felling, clearing and burning forests, the man obtained food and firewood, ensuring thereby his survival. Fearing the wrath of āpowerful forest creaturesā, which he believed to inhabit the forests, the man kept particular parts of forests, which he called āholy grovesā, untouched. He felt that the forest is consumed by a powerful extra-terrestrial existence; therefore, approximately 2,000 years ago, people started planting and growing trees around their houses, arranging gardens and creating forest ambience, which offered them peace and quiet. Today we comprehend that this cult had once caused the ever-present phenomenon of the forest: the so-called generally useful forest values or functions. This is the reason why forests have had a major meaning for and impact on human life and survival. Science divides the generally useful values to ecological or protective; social; and social-eco-physiological. The said values are stipulated by and defined in The Forest Act and other legal documents regulating the role and position of forests in our country. The Forest Act lists fifteen generally useful functions, dividing and calculating them ā according to their contribution and importance regarding finances ā in ten groups. Apart from having a positive effect on human life, most of these values significantly affect agricultural production as well, in the following aspects: protection from erosion; flood prevention; balanced water regime; increased soil fertility and agricultural production; milder climate; during photosynthesis, they use carbon from carbon dioxide for trees and other forest plants, releasing thereby oxygen. A particularly important link between forests and agriculture lies in the fact that all our original local fruit and wine-growing sorts, the so-called āwildā ones, even today belong to the structure of our natural forests; their biological attributes and ecological demands have hence been harmonized with and adapted to the mesoclimatic and microclimatic life conditions created by the forest. Thus, the ecological and biological links between forests and farming cultures should be pointed out in particular. Every natural forest creates its own climate, which affects both its immediate and its broader environment, especially fruit and wine-growing cultures. Our grape and wine sorts are known for their fine quality thanks to vineyards being grown on the south and southwest afforested hillsides of PljeÅ”ivica, IvanÄica, Kalnik, Papuk, Krndija, et al. European wine-growers have appreciated the importance of forests for the success of vineyards; that is why they grow vineyards in the vicinity of forests or grow forests in areas surrounded by major vineyard complexes, as may be observed on the south hillsides of the afforested Schwarzwald in Germany and Vogez in France, famous for high-quality fine wines. Krndija forests, covering 22,451 ha of land, are very stable, productive and biologically diverse, they consist of fourteen natural forest communities and more than fifty original local tree sorts. The written history of Krndija is equally long and old as the history of Kutjevo and its vineyards. After they had settled in the area in 1232, the Catholic order of Cistercites started clearing forests, growing vineyards and other farming cultures, as well as building wine cellars and producing wine. Kutjevo, Kutjevo land, vineyards and forests were further mentioned during the Turkish period 1698ā1773, as well as between 1689 and 1698, when the land belonged to the Zagreb canon and abbot J. J. BabiÄ. Jesuits had managed Kutjevo forests and vineyards 1698ā1773; the Croatian Apprenticeship Trust had managed the land 1773ā1880; while the TurkoviÄ family had taken over the Kutjevo land in 1882 and remained its owners until 1945. After 1945, the land became oriented to viticulture and wine industry; it experiences a constant rise, while state-owned Forest Administrations manage Krndija forests. During the long years of the history and development of Kutjevo, its vineyards and forests, Krndija forests have ā faithfully and usefully ā accompanied and completed their ownersā economic activities and profit, in addition to viticulture and wine industry. Riesling is a grape sort that has been grown in Kutjevo on the south hillsides of Krndija for over a century. Forests and vineyards intertwine, interchange and surround each other there, causing mutual impacts and influences. This is, among others, a reason why Riesling in this area has developed its characteristic attributes, thanks to which it is singled out and different from all similar wine sorts grown in other areas, making it unique. Thanks to long-standing growing on habitats extraordinarily suitable for this sort, Riesling has developed high-quality features that had until then not been recognised in connection with this wine sort. This may ā to the most part ā be explained by the fact that Kutjevo vineyards grow on the land where Krndija forests have been growing since the earliest days. By their mesoclimatic, microclimatic and other features, they influence the grape that has grown wild in those forests since the earliest days, since ecological demands and biological attributes have been adapted to optimal conditions created by the forest through its existence, growth and increase. Soil and climate conditions, being to the most part a forest product, participate ā according to research results ā in defining the credit worthiness of vineyard soils with the maximum of 85 %, whilst all other conditions make out the rest of 15 %. Hence, it may be justly claimed that the impact of forests on agricultural production, in particular viticulture and wine industry, is not only major, but also rather significant. It is thus necessary to continue growing and nurturing both fine Kutjevo Riesling vineyards and Krndija forests
PROF. DR. SC. FOREST JOSIP BALEN ANLASSLICH DES 110. JAHRESTAGES VON SEINER GEBURT
Autor opisuje životni put, struÄne i znanstvene uspjehe sveuÄiliÅ”nog profesora dr. se. Josipa Balena, dipl. inž. Å”umarstva, roÄenog u Krmpotama, kotar Novi Vinodolski, a pokopanog u Tukumanu u Argentini. Bogati i plodni struÄni i znanstveni put Josipa Balena vezan je uz Å”umu i Å”umarstvo s posebnim naglaskom na znanstveni, struÄni i sveuÄiliÅ”ni nastavni rad. Studij Å”umarstva zavrÅ”ava u Banskoj Å Äavnici (SlovaÄka), radi po razliÄitim Å”umarijama diljem Hrvatske, a 1919. postaje upravitelj NadzorniÅ”tva za poÅ”umljavanje krÅ”a u Senju. Radi na doktorskoj disertaciji vezanoj za uzgojne i ekoloÅ”ke probleme krÅ”a te je 1923. godine na Gospodarsko-Å”umarskom fakultetu SveuÄiliÅ”ta u Zagrebu obranio disertaciju pod naslovom Bura i njezino znaÄenje za poÅ”umljavanje krÅ”a. To je prva obranjena disertacija iz podruÄja Å”umarstva na SveuÄiliÅ”tu u Zagrebu. Godine 1935. premjeÅ”ten je u Beograd u Ministarstvo Å”uma i rada, 1927. postaje izvanredni profesor, a 1930. redoviti profesor na zemunskom Å umarskom fakultetu, na Katedri za Podizanje i gajenje Å”uma i ZaÅ”titu Å”uma. Istodobno objavljuje velik broj struÄnih i znanstvenih radova, pretežno o uzgajanju Å”uma, te Å”est samostalnih knjiga, od kojih posebno istiÄemo znaÄajna djela O proredama, 1929. g. NaÅ” goli krÅ” 1931. g., Å umski rasadnici 1938. g. i dr. Osnivanjem NDH imenovanje 1941. savjetnikom u Ministarstvu bogoÅ”tovlja i nastave, nakon toga postaje župan županstva pri Poglavniku, redoviti profesor na Poljodjelsko-Å”umarskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, nadstojnik Zavoda za obranu Å”uma, zatim ministar u Ministarstvu narodnog gospodarstva, a nakon toga ministar Å”uma i ruda. Kao i mnoge Hrvate, ratni vihor nosi ga u Argentinu zajedno s joÅ” 12 hrvatskih Å”umarskih struÄnjaka. ZapoÅ”ljava se kao tehniÄki savjetnik u Ravnateljstvu Å”uma, organizira i izvodi poÅ”umljavanja eukaliptusima i topolama na 50.000 ha povrÅ”ine. Godine 1956. odlazi u Äile i postaje profesor uzgajanja Å”uma i Å”umarske politike na novootvorenom Å umarskom fakultetu u Valdiviji, direktor Å umarskog instituta u istom gradu, Godine 1960. vraÄa se u Argentinu kao profesor uzgajanja Å”uma na fakultetu u Santiago de Estero, Universitat Nacional de Cordoba. Godine 1960. osniva prvi samostalni Å”umarski fakultet u Tukumanu, gdje je i profesor na Katedri za poÅ”umljavanje, a nakon toga osniva Å umarski institut za poÅ”umljavanje gdje je postavljen za direktora. Umire 1964. godine, a pokopan je uz velike poÄasti u Tucumanu. Josip Balen daoje velik doprinos razvoju Å”umarske struke, znanosti i nastave i u Hrvatskoj i u Argentini i Äileu. Uvjereni smo da bi njegov doprinos hrvatskom i svjetskom Å”umarstvu bio joÅ” veÄi da nije nasilno otrgnut i prognan iz domovine Hrvatske.The author deals with the life history of prof. dr. se. Josip Balen, his successful professional and scientific career as the University professor and forestory engineer. He was born at Krmpote, county of Novi Vinodolski, and buried at Tucuman, Argentina. The rich and prolific professional and scientific course of Josip Balen was bound to the woods and forestry with the special accent to his scientific, professional and educational work on the University. He graduated his studies on forestry at Banska Å Äavnica (Slovakia), worked in various forestry administrations all over Croatia to become in 1919 director of the Inspectorate for the afforestation of karst at Senj. His doctor\u27s dissertation on the cultivation and ecological problems of the karst entitled "Bora and its importance in the afforestation of the Karst", was successfully defended at the Faculty of Forestry, the University of Zagreb, in 1923. It was the first dissertation from the sphere of forestry defended at the University of Zagreb. In 1925 he was transferred to Belgrade at the Ministry of forestry and ores. In 1927 he became the associate professor and in 1930 professor at the Faculty of Forestry, Dept. for growing and cultivation and protection of woods at Zemun. At the same time he published a great number of his professional and scientific works mainly on the cultivation of forests, then six autonomous books of which some of his important works have to be pointed out. Those were "On thins" (1919), "Our bare karst" (1931), "Forestry workers" (1938). After the Indipendent State of Croatia (NDH) was established, he was appointed the counsellor to the Ministry of religious observance and educational system. Afterwards he was appointed a district prefect at the district office about Poglavnik, then the professor at the Faculty of the agriculture and forestry at Zagreb. He was also acting as a director of the Institute for the protection of forests, then held the office of minister at the Ministry for the national economics and after that was appointed the minister of forests and ores. The storms of war took him together with some twelve Croatian forest experts and a lot of other Croatians to Argentina. He assumed there a post of a technical councellor in the Directorate of forests, where he organized and carried through the afforestation with eucalyptuses and poplars on the area of some 50.000 h. In 1956. he was transferred to Chile where he was employed as a professor for the cultivation of forests at a newly opened Faculty of forestry at Valdivia and also as a director of the Forest Insitute at the same city. In 1960 he came back to Argentina and worked as a professor for the cultivation of forests at Faculty of Santiago de Estero, Universitat Nacional de Cordoba. In the same year he founded the first indipendent Faculty of forestry at Tucuman and assumed there a post of the professor at Department for the afforestation. Afterwards he founded also the Forest institute for the afforestation, where he acted as a director. He died in 1964 and was buried with great honours at Tucuman. The contribution of Josip Balen in the development of the forest profession, science and school system, not only in Croatia but in Argentina and Chile as well, was really great. We are quite sure that his contribution to the Croatian and world-wide forestry would be even greater if he was not so violently expelled from his native country Croatia.Der Autor beschreibt den Lebensweg un die professionellen und wissenschaftlichen Erfolge des diplomierten Forstwirtes und UniversitƤtsprofessors Josip Balen, der in Krmpote geboren (Bezirk Novi Vinodolski) und in Tukuman (Argentinien) begraben wurde. Sein fruchtbarer und wissenschaftlicher Weg war mit dem Wald und Forstwesen gebunden, mit besonderem Akzent auf der wissenschaftlichen, profesionellen und pƤdagogischen TƤtigkeit an der UniversitƤt. Das Studium der Forstkunde beendete er in Banska SÄavnica in Slowakei, und arbeitete danach in verschiedenen ForstƤmten Kroatiens. 1919 wurde er Leiter der Verwaltung fiir Bewaldung des Karstes. Seine an der Forstwirtschaftlichen UniversitƤt in Zagreb verteidigte Dissertation unter dem Titel "Bora und ihre Bedeutung fiir die Bewaldung des Karstes" war die erste Dissertation die an der UniversitƤt in Zagreb aus dem Gebiet des Forstwesens verteidigt wurde. 1935 wurde er aus Zagreb in Beograd, in das Ministerium fĆ¼r WƤlder und Erzen versetzt, 1927 wurde er ausserordentlicher und 1930 ordentlicher Professor an der Forstwirtschaftlichen FakultƤt in Zemun, an der Stuhl fiir Zucht und Schutz der WƤlder. Zu gleicher Zeit verƶffentlichte er viele profesionelle und wissenschaftliche Werke aus der Waldzucht und sechs selbststƤndige Biicher: "Zur Lichtung der WƤlder" 1929, "Unser Karst" 1931, "PflanzstƤtte in den WƤldern" 1938 u.a. Als der unabhƤngige Staat Kroatien begriindet wurde, wurde er zum Rat im Ministerium fiir Kultus und Unterricht ernannt, danach wurde er Gespann der Gespannschaft bei dem "Poglavnik", ordentlicher Professor an der UniversitƤt fĆ¼r Bodenkultur und Forstwesen, Leiter der Anstalt fur den Waldbau, Minister im Volkswirschaftsministerium und Minister fiir Walder und Erzen. Wie viele andere Kroaten, emigrierte er zusammen mit 12 kroatischen Fachfƶrstern nach Argentinien. Dort wurde er technischer Rat in der Direktion der WƤlder und organisierte die Bewaldung mit Eukalypten und PappelbƤumen auf der OberflƤche von 50.000 ha. Im Jahre 1956 zog er nach Chile fort, wo er Professor an der UniversitƤt in Santiago da Estero wurde. 1960 begrtindete er den ersten Institut fiir die Bewaldung, wo er zum Leiter ernannt wurde. Er starb 1964 und wurde in Tukuman mit groĆer Ehre begraben. Josip Balen gab groĆen Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Forstkunde und der Forstunterricht in Kroatien, Argentinien und Chile. Wir sind iiberzeugt, dass sein Beitrag zur kroatischen und weltlichen Forstkunde noch grƶĆer ware, wenn er aus seiner Heimat nicht so zwangsweise vertrieben gewesen ware
Ivan Merz, participant in the First World War from 1916 to 1918
Ivan Merz, danas hrvatski katoliÄki blaženik, bio je aktivni sudionik Prvoga
svjetskog rata. Nakon kratkoga boravka na Theresianische MilitƤr Akademie u Wiener
Neustadtu od rujna do prosinca 1914., odlazi na studij prava i književnosti u BeÄ.
U prosincu 1915. godine pozvan je u Banja Luku obaviti novaÄki lijeÄniÄki pregled.
Temeljem Obrambenog zakona u ljeto 1915. bio je mobiliziran, zbog Äega je prekinuo
zapoÄeti studij u BeÄu te poÄetkom veljaÄe 1916. u sklopu 2. bosanskohercegovaÄke
pukovnije iz Banje Luke po zapovijedi upuÄen u Lebring kraj Graza. Na talijanskom
bojiŔtu proveo je dvije godine. O strahotama rata piŔe u svojem opsežnom dnevniku.
SudjelujuÄi u ratu, Ivan Merz je doživio duboko obraÄenje prema Bogu. Nakon rata
zapoÄinje dubok religiozni život koji ga vodi prema svetosti.Blessed Ivan Merz, from Croatia, was an active participant in the First World
War. After a short stay at the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt from
September to December 1914, he went on to study law and literature in Vienna.
In December 1915 he was called to Banja Luka to take the recruitment medical
examination. Based on the Defense law, he was drafted in the summer 1915, and had
to stop the studies he had begun in Vienna, and at the beginning of February 1916
he was sent to Lebring near Graz as a member of the 2nd Bosnia and Herzegovina
Regiment from Banja Luka. He spent two years on the Italian front. In his extensive
diary he described the horrors of war. Participating in the war, Ivan Merz experienced
a profound conversion to God. After the war he started the deep religious life that led
him towards holiness
Ivan Merz, participant in the First World War from 1916 to 1918
Ivan Merz, danas hrvatski katoliÄki blaženik, bio je aktivni sudionik Prvoga
svjetskog rata. Nakon kratkoga boravka na Theresianische MilitƤr Akademie u Wiener
Neustadtu od rujna do prosinca 1914., odlazi na studij prava i književnosti u BeÄ.
U prosincu 1915. godine pozvan je u Banja Luku obaviti novaÄki lijeÄniÄki pregled.
Temeljem Obrambenog zakona u ljeto 1915. bio je mobiliziran, zbog Äega je prekinuo
zapoÄeti studij u BeÄu te poÄetkom veljaÄe 1916. u sklopu 2. bosanskohercegovaÄke
pukovnije iz Banje Luke po zapovijedi upuÄen u Lebring kraj Graza. Na talijanskom
bojiŔtu proveo je dvije godine. O strahotama rata piŔe u svojem opsežnom dnevniku.
SudjelujuÄi u ratu, Ivan Merz je doživio duboko obraÄenje prema Bogu. Nakon rata
zapoÄinje dubok religiozni život koji ga vodi prema svetosti.Blessed Ivan Merz, from Croatia, was an active participant in the First World
War. After a short stay at the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt from
September to December 1914, he went on to study law and literature in Vienna.
In December 1915 he was called to Banja Luka to take the recruitment medical
examination. Based on the Defense law, he was drafted in the summer 1915, and had
to stop the studies he had begun in Vienna, and at the beginning of February 1916
he was sent to Lebring near Graz as a member of the 2nd Bosnia and Herzegovina
Regiment from Banja Luka. He spent two years on the Italian front. In his extensive
diary he described the horrors of war. Participating in the war, Ivan Merz experienced
a profound conversion to God. After the war he started the deep religious life that led
him towards holiness
Silvicultural Treatments as a Method of Increasing the Value of Private Forests in Gorski Kotar
U radu su izneseni podaci o privatnim Å”umama Gorskog kotara koje zauzimaju 22 % od ukupne povrÅ”ine Å”uma i Å”umskih zemljiÅ”ta. Izneseni su temeljni staniÅ”ni podaci i podaci o Å”umskim zajednicama u kojima se one razvijaju, kao i strukturni pokazatelji koji daju realnu sliku njihovog danaÅ”njeg stanja. Iako su ove Å”ume, za razliku od ostalih privatnih Å”uma kod nas, veÄ 30 godina ureÄene, one joÅ” uvijek pokazuju sve slabosti koje su uoÄljive i u ostalim privatnim Å”umama (usitnjenost, mala drvna zaliha i dr.). Zbog toga valja istaÄi da je velika pogreÅ”ka danas svrstavati ove Å”ume u raznodobne, jer su one u stvarnosti 60 % visoke regularne, 13 % panjaÄe, a 27 % preborne Å”ume. Opisani su uzgojni zahvati i drugi radovi koje u njima treba provoditi, kako bi im se poveÄala gospodarska i opÄekorisna vrijednost. Izneseni su podaci o strukturnim pokazateljima tih Å”uma na povrÅ”ini cijelog Gorskog kotara, koji ustvari na najbolji naÄin ocrtavaju njihovo danaÅ”nje stanje, posebno glede gospodarske i opÄekorisne vrijednosti. Opisani su zahvati njege i obnove koje treba provoditi u prebornim Å”umama putem prebornih sjeÄa, kao i zahvati njege i obnove u regularnim Å”umama visokog i niskog uzgojnog oblika. PreporuÄeni su radovi njega i popunjavanje s plemenitim vrstama bjelogorice i crnogorice onih povrÅ”ina na kojima se danas dogaÄa prirodna sukcesija pionirskih vrsta drveÄa. PreporuÄene su i opisane one vrste drveÄa koje su prikladne za podizanje kultura plemenitih, brzorastuÄih i tržiÅ”no vrijednih vrsta bjelogorice i crnogorice na napuÅ”tenim paÅ”njaÄkim i drugim povrÅ”inama. Posebno je istaknuta važnost organizacije radova na pridobivanju i plasiranju na tržiÅ”te drva za bioenergiju nakon izvedenih zahvata njege, podizanja i obnove Å”uma.Privately owned forests in Croatia cover an area of 581,770 ha, which is 22 % of the total area of forests and forestland in the Republic of Croatia. The total growing stock in private forests in Croatia amounts to 78 301 000 m3, or 20 % of the overall growing stock of the entire forest management area. The average growing stock is 163 m3/ha and the increment is 4.4 m3/ha or 2.7 %.
Privately owned forests in the area managed by Delnice Forest Administration extend over 22,380 ha. These forests are presently classified into uneven-aged forests, which is not conducive to their future management. Bearing in mind their condition regarding the silvicultural form, biological properties and ecological requirements of the tree species participating in their formation, the management of these forests should follow the methods applied to forests of high silvicultural form or seed forests, which are regular and selection forests, and to coppices. Forests of high silvicultural form are regular or even-aged seed forests covering an area of 13,264 ha, while selection seed forests cover an area of 6,085 ha. Regular coppice forests are found over an area of 3,031 ha.
Placing these different forest forms into a uniform uneven-aged class prevents, among other things, the application of those necessary silvicultural operations which are aimed at attaining better stability, productivity and sustainability, or sustainable development.
Based on the above structural indicators, especially the growing stock and increment of these forests, we may conclude that the current condition of private forests in this area is equally bad and worrying as that of other private forests in Croatia.
Such a situation may be attributed to a number of factors, such as, for example, the inexpert application of silvicultural treatments, the disintegration of rural environments, property fragmentation, the ownersā social status, the insecurity of private ownership, the length of the production cycle, insufficient control and sanctioning, and finally, the disobeyance of legal regulations.
Some objective reasons for which these forests are difficult to manage are:
ā Fragmentation of property (the average size of a plot is preceded by two zeros). Unsolved ownership-legal relationships, as well as an unstimulating, slow and expensive system of solving ownership problems,
ā Disproportion between the cadastre of cultures and the real condition in the field, and the disproportion between the cadastre and the land registry,
ā Management at the level of cadastre units prevents the application of more complex management with forest resources,
ā Prejudices of forest owners towards pooling resources (Cooperatives) due to negative experiences from the recent past,
ā Movement of the younger, more vital part of the population from rural into urban areas.
Forest owners and forest ownersā associations should direct their activities concerned with increasing forest quality toward the following fields, treatments and activities:
ā Tending and regeneration treatments in selection forests with selection cuts.
ā Tending and regeneration treatments in regular high forests and coppices.
ā Tending and restocking those areas subject to natural succession of pioneer species with valuable broadleaved and coniferous species.
ā Establishing cultures of valuable, fast-growing and marketable broadleaved and coniferous species over abandoned grasslands and other areas.
ā Organizing timber harvesting and marketing, as well as utilization of timber for bioenergy after the forests have been tended, established and regenerated.
Selection management is the most suitable method for fir forests or for those forests in which the fir is the dominant species, such as, for example, mixed forests of fir and beech, fir, beech and spruce, and fir and spruce.
The management goals in a selection forest are accomplished by selecting and marking the trees to be cut. These management goals are: raise mixed selection stands which will ensure good quality increment, stand stability and plentiful natural new growth; use the productive site capacity to the maximum; and achieve the highest production values.
Felling operations in a selection forest achieve multiple goals of tending and regeneration, forming the selection structure, utilizing forests and maintaining their hygiene. There are two groups of silvicultural procedures; tending of the young generation ā young growth and young forest, and selection, which includes thinning and harvesting mature trees. All the procedures in a selection forest are temporally and spatially concentrated, thus creating an indelible whole. If any of the above activities is omitted, the structure of the selection forest will be disrupted and its increment, regeneration and stability will be affected.
Tree marking in a selection forest should always take account of the goals for which this activity is undertaken. These goals are permanent regeneration, stand tending, continuous maintenance of the selection structure, stand utilization and maintenance of the sanitary-hygienic function.
In a normal selection forest with normal growing stock, a 10-year annual increment is cut. Under normal circumstances, this is 25 % of the total growing stock in the stand. If the growing stock is higher than normal, cutting intensity should not exceed 30 %. If it is lower, cutting intensity may be reduced to 15 %. This is borderline intensity which should not be exceeded. This means that cutting should be postponed until another cutting cycle is over, in this case another 10 years. Higher or lower intensities could endanger the selection structure, i.e. the increment, regeneration and stability of the selection stand. Inappropriately applied intensities cannot maintain a selection stand in the optimal structural conditions which will ensure maximal production and optimal regeneration. Regrettably, this is one of the most serious current problems in selection management and selection forests.
Beech and spruce stands which have officially been classified as uneven-aged stands and which have not been managed selectively but with selection cuts show a negative developmental trend. This kind of management results in decreased growing stock, absence of natural regeneration, reduced tree quality and lower increment.
In such stands management based on regular principles should be organized over small areas (each structural unit ā special silvicultural treatment). Silvicultural treatments are spatially divided over small areas. In other words, each structural unit represents a special part of the stand which requires a special silvicultural treatment. They are spatially separated but temporally concentrated.
Management with shelterwood cuts in small areas with a longer regeneration period achieves biological diversity of beech and spruce forests. This type of regeneration enables, over a longer time period, a good yield of seeds of the principal and other tree species and the survival of their young generation.
Regeneration in regular forests is generally done in 3 cuts (preparatory, seed and final) and less frequently in 4 or 5 cuts, where subsequent cuts are introduced. The preparatory cut is undertaken with 20 % intensity and the seed cut with 50 % intensity in a good seed year. The remaining wood volume is cut as needed, either with one or two subsequent cuts or, more frequently, with one final cut.
Regular forests are tended throughout the life cycle of the stand, that is, until the shelterwood cuts are applied. Tending consists of the following stages: tending of the young growth after the final cut, cleaning in the developmental stage of the young growth and saplings, and tending with thinning.
Tending of the young growth after the final cut is usually done once only, while cleaning or negative selection is done once or twice until the moment the stand reaches its maximal height increment. At this stage future trees are identified, which in beech and spruce forests takes place around the age of 30. At this age stands may be tended with thinning.
Coppices of beech, pubescent oak and other hard broadleaves are regenerated with shelterwood cuts. The goal is to convert a coppice into the forest of high silvicultural form or seed forest.
Regenerating a coppice with clearcutting and planting conifer species is a serious mistake. Conifers may be planted in degraded forest soils which have lost the properties that provide the parent climatogenic stand with optimal conditions for growth and development.
Coppices should be tended throughout the rotation period.
The tending stages in a coppice include reducing the number of poor quality and superfluous shoots on the stump, tending coppices with cleaning or negative selection, and tending coppices with thinning or positive selection.
In the current economic and social conditions in Croatia arable areas are systematically being reduced and the size of abandoned agricultural land is increasing. These areas are subjected to the spontaneous expansion of less valuable tree species and shrubs, classified as pioneer species. Being the first to occur, they are spontaneously followed by transitional species. The 100-year-long process ends with the occurrence of principal or climatogenic species (fir, beech, oaks).
Pioneer and transitional tree species gradually convert degraded forest soil into forest soil suitable for climatogenic or principal species. The basic tree species that bear the characteristics of pioneer species are those from the genera of alders, willows, poplars, birches and others. Domestic, autochthonous tree species from other genera, with the exception of the genera of oaks, beech and fir, belong to transitional tree species. Together with pioneer species, they gradually colonize abandoned agricultural and other lands.
Forest cultures should be established on abandoned agricultural areas in order to increase their market and non-market values. These cultures are established by planting broadleaved species from the genera of wild cherry, pear, apple, as well as maple, ash, lime, whitebeam, rowan, service tree, wild service tree, bird cherry, walnut, and others. Coniferous species to be planted include species from the genera of spruces, larches and pines.
The choice of the tree species depends on the site conditions that prevail in the treated area, where the soil and the climate have a decisive role.
The pioneer, transitional or secondary tree species have an important role in the structure of all Croatian natural forests. They are particularly suitable for the establishment of cultures which supply good quality and valuable timber. Timber of all these species is applied in mechanical and chemical processing industries, and in energy production. The establishment of energy forests with short rotations and small planting distances will gain increasing importance in Croatian forestry.
Due to the present energy crisis, the share of timber in the energy balance of the most developed European countries is constantly growing. Timber from forests has been accepted everywhere in Europe as an important and renewable source of bioenergy.
Although the Croatian forestry is making initial, modest steps in this field, there is no reason that forest owners in Gorski Kotar should not be included in this European trend. They have at their disposal about 3,000,000 m3 of growing stock, the annual increment of 80,000 m3, and the prescribed annual yield of about 40,000 m3, of which 40 % or 16,000 m3 is wood of thinner dimensions suitable for energy. At present, the major portion of this wood remains in the forest and perishes. This alone provides sufficient motive for the owners to pool forces, fight for their place on the market and join the chain of bioenergy producers for both the domestic and foreign markets
Silvicultural Treatments as a Method of Increasing the Value of Private Forests in Gorski Kotar
U radu su izneseni podaci o privatnim Å”umama Gorskog kotara koje zauzimaju 22 % od ukupne povrÅ”ine Å”uma i Å”umskih zemljiÅ”ta. Izneseni su temeljni staniÅ”ni podaci i podaci o Å”umskim zajednicama u kojima se one razvijaju, kao i strukturni pokazatelji koji daju realnu sliku njihovog danaÅ”njeg stanja. Iako su ove Å”ume, za razliku od ostalih privatnih Å”uma kod nas, veÄ 30 godina ureÄene, one joÅ” uvijek pokazuju sve slabosti koje su uoÄljive i u ostalim privatnim Å”umama (usitnjenost, mala drvna zaliha i dr.). Zbog toga valja istaÄi da je velika pogreÅ”ka danas svrstavati ove Å”ume u raznodobne, jer su one u stvarnosti 60 % visoke regularne, 13 % panjaÄe, a 27 % preborne Å”ume. Opisani su uzgojni zahvati i drugi radovi koje u njima treba provoditi, kako bi im se poveÄala gospodarska i opÄekorisna vrijednost. Izneseni su podaci o strukturnim pokazateljima tih Å”uma na povrÅ”ini cijelog Gorskog kotara, koji ustvari na najbolji naÄin ocrtavaju njihovo danaÅ”nje stanje, posebno glede gospodarske i opÄekorisne vrijednosti. Opisani su zahvati njege i obnove koje treba provoditi u prebornim Å”umama putem prebornih sjeÄa, kao i zahvati njege i obnove u regularnim Å”umama visokog i niskog uzgojnog oblika. PreporuÄeni su radovi njega i popunjavanje s plemenitim vrstama bjelogorice i crnogorice onih povrÅ”ina na kojima se danas dogaÄa prirodna sukcesija pionirskih vrsta drveÄa. PreporuÄene su i opisane one vrste drveÄa koje su prikladne za podizanje kultura plemenitih, brzorastuÄih i tržiÅ”no vrijednih vrsta bjelogorice i crnogorice na napuÅ”tenim paÅ”njaÄkim i drugim povrÅ”inama. Posebno je istaknuta važnost organizacije radova na pridobivanju i plasiranju na tržiÅ”te drva za bioenergiju nakon izvedenih zahvata njege, podizanja i obnove Å”uma.Privately owned forests in Croatia cover an area of 581,770 ha, which is 22 % of the total area of forests and forestland in the Republic of Croatia. The total growing stock in private forests in Croatia amounts to 78 301 000 m3, or 20 % of the overall growing stock of the entire forest management area. The average growing stock is 163 m3/ha and the increment is 4.4 m3/ha or 2.7 %.
Privately owned forests in the area managed by Delnice Forest Administration extend over 22,380 ha. These forests are presently classified into uneven-aged forests, which is not conducive to their future management. Bearing in mind their condition regarding the silvicultural form, biological properties and ecological requirements of the tree species participating in their formation, the management of these forests should follow the methods applied to forests of high silvicultural form or seed forests, which are regular and selection forests, and to coppices. Forests of high silvicultural form are regular or even-aged seed forests covering an area of 13,264 ha, while selection seed forests cover an area of 6,085 ha. Regular coppice forests are found over an area of 3,031 ha.
Placing these different forest forms into a uniform uneven-aged class prevents, among other things, the application of those necessary silvicultural operations which are aimed at attaining better stability, productivity and sustainability, or sustainable development.
Based on the above structural indicators, especially the growing stock and increment of these forests, we may conclude that the current condition of private forests in this area is equally bad and worrying as that of other private forests in Croatia.
Such a situation may be attributed to a number of factors, such as, for example, the inexpert application of silvicultural treatments, the disintegration of rural environments, property fragmentation, the ownersā social status, the insecurity of private ownership, the length of the production cycle, insufficient control and sanctioning, and finally, the disobeyance of legal regulations.
Some objective reasons for which these forests are difficult to manage are:
ā Fragmentation of property (the average size of a plot is preceded by two zeros). Unsolved ownership-legal relationships, as well as an unstimulating, slow and expensive system of solving ownership problems,
ā Disproportion between the cadastre of cultures and the real condition in the field, and the disproportion between the cadastre and the land registry,
ā Management at the level of cadastre units prevents the application of more complex management with forest resources,
ā Prejudices of forest owners towards pooling resources (Cooperatives) due to negative experiences from the recent past,
ā Movement of the younger, more vital part of the population from rural into urban areas.
Forest owners and forest ownersā associations should direct their activities concerned with increasing forest quality toward the following fields, treatments and activities:
ā Tending and regeneration treatments in selection forests with selection cuts.
ā Tending and regeneration treatments in regular high forests and coppices.
ā Tending and restocking those areas subject to natural succession of pioneer species with valuable broadleaved and coniferous species.
ā Establishing cultures of valuable, fast-growing and marketable broadleaved and coniferous species over abandoned grasslands and other areas.
ā Organizing timber harvesting and marketing, as well as utilization of timber for bioenergy after the forests have been tended, established and regenerated.
Selection management is the most suitable method for fir forests or for those forests in which the fir is the dominant species, such as, for example, mixed forests of fir and beech, fir, beech and spruce, and fir and spruce.
The management goals in a selection forest are accomplished by selecting and marking the trees to be cut. These management goals are: raise mixed selection stands which will ensure good quality increment, stand stability and plentiful natural new growth; use the productive site capacity to the maximum; and achieve the highest production values.
Felling operations in a selection forest achieve multiple goals of tending and regeneration, forming the selection structure, utilizing forests and maintaining their hygiene. There are two groups of silvicultural procedures; tending of the young generation ā young growth and young forest, and selection, which includes thinning and harvesting mature trees. All the procedures in a selection forest are temporally and spatially concentrated, thus creating an indelible whole. If any of the above activities is omitted, the structure of the selection forest will be disrupted and its increment, regeneration and stability will be affected.
Tree marking in a selection forest should always take account of the goals for which this activity is undertaken. These goals are permanent regeneration, stand tending, continuous maintenance of the selection structure, stand utilization and maintenance of the sanitary-hygienic function.
In a normal selection forest with normal growing stock, a 10-year annual increment is cut. Under normal circumstances, this is 25 % of the total growing stock in the stand. If the growing stock is higher than normal, cutting intensity should not exceed 30 %. If it is lower, cutting intensity may be reduced to 15 %. This is borderline intensity which should not be exceeded. This means that cutting should be postponed until another cutting cycle is over, in this case another 10 years. Higher or lower intensities could endanger the selection structure, i.e. the increment, regeneration and stability of the selection stand. Inappropriately applied intensities cannot maintain a selection stand in the optimal structural conditions which will ensure maximal production and optimal regeneration. Regrettably, this is one of the most serious current problems in selection management and selection forests.
Beech and spruce stands which have officially been classified as uneven-aged stands and which have not been managed selectively but with selection cuts show a negative developmental trend. This kind of management results in decreased growing stock, absence of natural regeneration, reduced tree quality and lower increment.
In such stands management based on regular principles should be organized over small areas (each structural unit ā special silvicultural treatment). Silvicultural treatments are spatially divided over small areas. In other words, each structural unit represents a special part of the stand which requires a special silvicultural treatment. They are spatially separated but temporally concentrated.
Management with shelterwood cuts in small areas with a longer regeneration period achieves biological diversity of beech and spruce forests. This type of regeneration enables, over a longer time period, a good yield of seeds of the principal and other tree species and the survival of their young generation.
Regeneration in regular forests is generally done in 3 cuts (preparatory, seed and final) and less frequently in 4 or 5 cuts, where subsequent cuts are introduced. The preparatory cut is undertaken with 20 % intensity and the seed cut with 50 % intensity in a good seed year. The remaining wood volume is cut as needed, either with one or two subsequent cuts or, more frequently, with one final cut.
Regular forests are tended throughout the life cycle of the stand, that is, until the shelterwood cuts are applied. Tending consists of the following stages: tending of the young growth after the final cut, cleaning in the developmental stage of the young growth and saplings, and tending with thinning.
Tending of the young growth after the final cut is usually done once only, while cleaning or negative selection is done once or twice until the moment the stand reaches its maximal height increment. At this stage future trees are identified, which in beech and spruce forests takes place around the age of 30. At this age stands may be tended with thinning.
Coppices of beech, pubescent oak and other hard broadleaves are regenerated with shelterwood cuts. The goal is to convert a coppice into the forest of high silvicultural form or seed forest.
Regenerating a coppice with clearcutting and planting conifer species is a serious mistake. Conifers may be planted in degraded forest soils which have lost the properties that provide the parent climatogenic stand with optimal conditions for growth and development.
Coppices should be tended throughout the rotation period.
The tending stages in a coppice include reducing the number of poor quality and superfluous shoots on the stump, tending coppices with cleaning or negative selection, and tending coppices with thinning or positive selection.
In the current economic and social conditions in Croatia arable areas are systematically being reduced and the size of abandoned agricultural land is increasing. These areas are subjected to the spontaneous expansion of less valuable tree species and shrubs, classified as pioneer species. Being the first to occur, they are spontaneously followed by transitional species. The 100-year-long process ends with the occurrence of principal or climatogenic species (fir, beech, oaks).
Pioneer and transitional tree species gradually convert degraded forest soil into forest soil suitable for climatogenic or principal species. The basic tree species that bear the characteristics of pioneer species are those from the genera of alders, willows, poplars, birches and others. Domestic, autochthonous tree species from other genera, with the exception of the genera of oaks, beech and fir, belong to transitional tree species. Together with pioneer species, they gradually colonize abandoned agricultural and other lands.
Forest cultures should be established on abandoned agricultural areas in order to increase their market and non-market values. These cultures are established by planting broadleaved species from the genera of wild cherry, pear, apple, as well as maple, ash, lime, whitebeam, rowan, service tree, wild service tree, bird cherry, walnut, and others. Coniferous species to be planted include species from the genera of spruces, larches and pines.
The choice of the tree species depends on the site conditions that prevail in the treated area, where the soil and the climate have a decisive role.
The pioneer, transitional or secondary tree species have an important role in the structure of all Croatian natural forests. They are particularly suitable for the establishment of cultures which supply good quality and valuable timber. Timber of all these species is applied in mechanical and chemical processing industries, and in energy production. The establishment of energy forests with short rotations and small planting distances will gain increasing importance in Croatian forestry.
Due to the present energy crisis, the share of timber in the energy balance of the most developed European countries is constantly growing. Timber from forests has been accepted everywhere in Europe as an important and renewable source of bioenergy.
Although the Croatian forestry is making initial, modest steps in this field, there is no reason that forest owners in Gorski Kotar should not be included in this European trend. They have at their disposal about 3,000,000 m3 of growing stock, the annual increment of 80,000 m3, and the prescribed annual yield of about 40,000 m3, of which 40 % or 16,000 m3 is wood of thinner dimensions suitable for energy. At present, the major portion of this wood remains in the forest and perishes. This alone provides sufficient motive for the owners to pool forces, fight for their place on the market and join the chain of bioenergy producers for both the domestic and foreign markets
Laparoscopic technique as a method of choice in the treatment of non-parasitic splenic cysts
Introduction/Objective Splenic cysts are a rare clinical entity. In their origin, they may be parasitic or non-parasitic. They are classified as either primary (true) or secondary cysts (pseudocysts), depending on the presence or absence of an epithelial lining of the lumen. Methods Using a retrospective case study, we included 29 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery due to splenic cysts. The patients were treated within the 2007-2017 period at the Clinic for Digestive Surgery, the Clinical Center of Serbia. We analyzed pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative characteristics of laparoscopic technique in treating non-parasitic splenic cysts. Results The group of 29 patients treated with laparoscopic technique surgery due to the previously diagnosed splenic cyst, consisted of 12 (41.4%) men and 17 (58.6%) women. The average age of patients undergoing surgery was 38.86 Ā± 10.4 years (22-62). Based on the histopathological findings, there were eight epithelial cysts and 21 pseudocysts of the spleen. The maximal diameter of the splenic cyst, measured pre-operatively, was 10.09 Ā± 2.51 cm on average. The average operative time was 35 minutes, and the intra-operative bleeding amount was 11.48 Ā± 3.78 ml. None of the intra-operative complications, injury to the spleen or other organs of the abdomen, conversions to open surgery or reintervention were recorded. Conclusion Laparoscopic fenestration with excision of the part of the spleen cyst wall (marsupialization) represents an effective and definitive treatment for this disease. It is an alternative to splenectomy, along with other well-known benefits ensured by the spleen preservation. Low probability of occurrence of intra-operative and post-operative complications, as well as minimal trauma of tissue, results in a shorter postoperative stay, rapid recovery, and better quality of life. Ā© 2019, Serbia Medical Society. All rights reserved
Seed production of some more important tree and shub species in the Croatian Mediterranean region
Porijeklo i kakvoÄa sjemena su znaÄajan Äimbenik kvalitete buduÄe sastojine. U ovom poglavlju o sjemenarstvu važnijih vrsta drveÄa i grmlja izneseni su podatci o svojstvima sjemena za 30 vrsta drveÄa, poludrveÄa i grmlja koje su zanimljive za Å”umsko rasadniÄarstvo na podruÄju hrvatskog Sredozemlja. Za svaku vrstu navedeni su podatci o cvatnji i dozrijevanju, sakupljanju i Äuvanju plodova, klijavosti sjemena i drugim svojstvima koja su posebna za sjeme pojedinih vrsta drveÄa i grmlj
Available Agricultural Areas and the Use of Forests for Biofuel Production in Croatia
Zbog ekonomskih i ekoloÅ”kih razloga nastavlja se unapreÄivanje proizvodnje i Å”irenje koriÅ”tenja biogoriva u svijetu i Europskoj uniji (EU). Zbog ograniÄene povrÅ”ine za proizvodnju biomase, biogoriva bi mogla zamijeniti fosilna goriva samo u jednom dijelu. Po EU do 2030. godine, uz razvoj ostalih obnovljivih izvora energije, biogoriva bi u Hrvatskoj zamijenila naftu u prometu za 25 %, Å”to iznosi 452.325 t. Danas poljoprivredne povrÅ”ine zauzimaju 2,955.728 ha. Od toga su 1,074.159 ha pogodne, 1,074.510 ha ograniÄene, a 806,328 ha trajno nepogodne povrÅ”ine za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Potencijali obradivih povrÅ”ina iznose 2,150.000 ha, a obraÄuje se svega 1,092.000 ha. Danas je moguÄe u poljoprivredi iz biomase (organskih ostataka i otpadaka) dobivati 673.530 t/godiÅ”nje biogoriva, a da se ne ugrozi stalnost prirodnog obnavljanja organske tvari u tlu. Hrvatska raspolaže s 2,688.687 ha Å”uma i Å”umskog zemljiÅ”ta, gdje godiÅ”nje priraÅ”Äuje 10,526.000 m3, a sjeÄivi etat je 6,564.000 m3. Od toga se za industrijsko drvo i ogrjev iskoristi 60 % ili 3,938.400 m3, a ostatak od 40 % ili 2,625.000 m3 ostaje kao otpad u Å”umi. Ako bi se otpad sveo na normalnu koliÄinu od 15 % ili 984.600 m3 onda bi za bioenergiju ostalo 45 % ili 2,953.800 m3. Ta koliÄina drva za bioenergiju dovoljna je za proizvodnju 600.000 t biogoriva u ekvivalentnim koliÄinama nafte. KoristeÄi postojeÄe zalihe u poljoprivrtedi i Å”umarstvu danas se može proizvesti 1,273.530 t/godiÅ”nje biogoriva. Taj iznos premaÅ”uje za 2,8 puta potrebnu koliÄinu, koju Äe Hrvatska, trebati koristiti 2030. umjesto fosilnih goriva. Hrvatska raspolaže s potrebnim povrÅ”inama u poljoprivredi, kao i s kvalitetnim Å”umama u svrhu proizvodnje hrane i biogoriva po postojeÄim direktivima EU.The production and expansion of biofuel use in the world and the EU has been prompted by economic and ecological reasons. Fossil fuel reserves (oil and gas) are being depleted and becoming more expensive. At the same time the Kyoto Protocol stipulates the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with the goal of mitigating climatic phenomena which could cause unforeseen consequences.
Land for biomass production is limited: therefore, biofuels could, following the EU strategy, replace fossil fuels only in one part. In addition to developing other renewable energies (hydro energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy), the EU committed itself to replace traffic oil with biofuels by 25 % by the year 2030. As Croatia is an EU membership candidate, the first thing it is required to do is to fulfill the obligation of achieving a 5.75 % proportion of biofuels (104,034 tons), held by each member state, by the year 2010. This is followed by the fulfillment of the commitment for the year 2020 (180,930 tons) and by the year 2030 (452,325 tons).
Of the total continental land area of Croatia (5,662,031 ha), agricultural land covers 2,955,728 ha or 52.2 %.
In Croatia, 55.9% or 1,202,000 ha of a total of 2,150,000 ha of potentially arable land are cultivated. If pastures are excluded, then arable land amounts to only 50.8 % or 1,092,000 ha.
With the application of more or less intensive ameliorative measures, agrocultures could be cultivated for food production and partially for biofuel production over as many as 947.080 ha of available land in Croatia.
Permanently unsuitable land for agricultural production in Croatia amounts to 806,328 ha. This land could be used for the establishment of forest cultures where timber for industry and bioenergy could be produced.
The current conditions in Croatia give us reason to believe that there are good possibilities for biodiesel production from rape seed (especially rape oil) using first generation technologies, and biodiesel from lignocellulose biomass and its residues in agriculture and forestry with the application of second generation technologies. Moreover, a large number of cattle farms in Croatia produce large quantities of organic residue (especially animal manure) which could be usefully converted into biogas for both economic and ecological reasons.
The quantity of biomass from agrocultures amounts to 1,239,550 (t) annually, which is only 30 % of their value. The remaining 70 % of the biomass should be left on agricultural land to allow organic matter in the soil to regenerate naturally. The total equivalent value in crude oil from agricultural areas is 428,992 t/annually.
Apart from biomass from agricultures, significant biomass quantities also exist in cattle breeding. Animal manure and organic residue from cattle are used for biofuel production ā biogas. Annual quantities of overall animal manure in Croatia amount to 381,480,000 t and represent 25 % of the existing annual quantities. This biomass quantity (organic residue in husbandry) may provide a total of 244,538 t of annual equivalent values of crude oil.
Present agricultural production may provide 673,530 t/annually of biofuels from biomass (organic residue and waste) in the equivalent value of crude oil without jeopardizing permanent natural regeneration of organic matter in the soil.
Croatia possesses 2,688,687 ha of forests and forestland with 397,963,000 m3 of growing stock which increments annually by 10,526,000 m3. The annual cut or the prescribed cut is 6,564,000 m3 of gross volume. Of the total annual cut, about 40 % or 2,625,600 of timber is used for processing, 20 % or 1,312,800 m3 for of fuelwood for energy and the remaining 40 % or 2,625,000 m3 is left in the forest as waste.
Of this residue, 62.5 % or 1,641,000 m3 could be used for bioenergy production, while 37 % or 984,000 m3 would remain in the forest as waste. If this amount suitable for bioenergy is added to the quantity of 1,312,800 m3 of fuelwood, the total quantity of energy wood that could already be placed on the energy market amounts to 2,953,800 m3, which is 45 % of the total annual cut. This quantity could provide 600,000 t/annually of biofuel in the equivalent value of crude oil.
Therefore, Croatia can produce an annual biofuel quantity of 1,273,539 t from the existing reserves in agriculture and forestry. This amount is 2.8 times higher than the quantity (452,325 t) which Croatia is obliged to use in traffic instead of fossil fuels by 2030 (the EU Directive of 2003).
Taking into account realistic potential possibilities of biofuel production in agriculture and forestry, we believe that a strategy on biomass use and biofuel production should be developed in Croatia with the goal of achieving economic and ecological bene
Available Agricultural Areas and the Use of Forests for Biofuel Production in Croatia
Zbog ekonomskih i ekoloÅ”kih razloga nastavlja se unapreÄivanje proizvodnje i Å”irenje koriÅ”tenja biogoriva u svijetu i Europskoj uniji (EU). Zbog ograniÄene povrÅ”ine za proizvodnju biomase, biogoriva bi mogla zamijeniti fosilna goriva samo u jednom dijelu. Po EU do 2030. godine, uz razvoj ostalih obnovljivih izvora energije, biogoriva bi u Hrvatskoj zamijenila naftu u prometu za 25 %, Å”to iznosi 452.325 t. Danas poljoprivredne povrÅ”ine zauzimaju 2,955.728 ha. Od toga su 1,074.159 ha pogodne, 1,074.510 ha ograniÄene, a 806,328 ha trajno nepogodne povrÅ”ine za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Potencijali obradivih povrÅ”ina iznose 2,150.000 ha, a obraÄuje se svega 1,092.000 ha. Danas je moguÄe u poljoprivredi iz biomase (organskih ostataka i otpadaka) dobivati 673.530 t/godiÅ”nje biogoriva, a da se ne ugrozi stalnost prirodnog obnavljanja organske tvari u tlu. Hrvatska raspolaže s 2,688.687 ha Å”uma i Å”umskog zemljiÅ”ta, gdje godiÅ”nje priraÅ”Äuje 10,526.000 m3, a sjeÄivi etat je 6,564.000 m3. Od toga se za industrijsko drvo i ogrjev iskoristi 60 % ili 3,938.400 m3, a ostatak od 40 % ili 2,625.000 m3 ostaje kao otpad u Å”umi. Ako bi se otpad sveo na normalnu koliÄinu od 15 % ili 984.600 m3 onda bi za bioenergiju ostalo 45 % ili 2,953.800 m3. Ta koliÄina drva za bioenergiju dovoljna je za proizvodnju 600.000 t biogoriva u ekvivalentnim koliÄinama nafte. KoristeÄi postojeÄe zalihe u poljoprivrtedi i Å”umarstvu danas se može proizvesti 1,273.530 t/godiÅ”nje biogoriva. Taj iznos premaÅ”uje za 2,8 puta potrebnu koliÄinu, koju Äe Hrvatska, trebati koristiti 2030. umjesto fosilnih goriva. Hrvatska raspolaže s potrebnim povrÅ”inama u poljoprivredi, kao i s kvalitetnim Å”umama u svrhu proizvodnje hrane i biogoriva po postojeÄim direktivima EU.The production and expansion of biofuel use in the world and the EU has been prompted by economic and ecological reasons. Fossil fuel reserves (oil and gas) are being depleted and becoming more expensive. At the same time the Kyoto Protocol stipulates the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with the goal of mitigating climatic phenomena which could cause unforeseen consequences.
Land for biomass production is limited: therefore, biofuels could, following the EU strategy, replace fossil fuels only in one part. In addition to developing other renewable energies (hydro energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy), the EU committed itself to replace traffic oil with biofuels by 25 % by the year 2030. As Croatia is an EU membership candidate, the first thing it is required to do is to fulfill the obligation of achieving a 5.75 % proportion of biofuels (104,034 tons), held by each member state, by the year 2010. This is followed by the fulfillment of the commitment for the year 2020 (180,930 tons) and by the year 2030 (452,325 tons).
Of the total continental land area of Croatia (5,662,031 ha), agricultural land covers 2,955,728 ha or 52.2 %.
In Croatia, 55.9% or 1,202,000 ha of a total of 2,150,000 ha of potentially arable land are cultivated. If pastures are excluded, then arable land amounts to only 50.8 % or 1,092,000 ha.
With the application of more or less intensive ameliorative measures, agrocultures could be cultivated for food production and partially for biofuel production over as many as 947.080 ha of available land in Croatia.
Permanently unsuitable land for agricultural production in Croatia amounts to 806,328 ha. This land could be used for the establishment of forest cultures where timber for industry and bioenergy could be produced.
The current conditions in Croatia give us reason to believe that there are good possibilities for biodiesel production from rape seed (especially rape oil) using first generation technologies, and biodiesel from lignocellulose biomass and its residues in agriculture and forestry with the application of second generation technologies. Moreover, a large number of cattle farms in Croatia produce large quantities of organic residue (especially animal manure) which could be usefully converted into biogas for both economic and ecological reasons.
The quantity of biomass from agrocultures amounts to 1,239,550 (t) annually, which is only 30 % of their value. The remaining 70 % of the biomass should be left on agricultural land to allow organic matter in the soil to regenerate naturally. The total equivalent value in crude oil from agricultural areas is 428,992 t/annually.
Apart from biomass from agricultures, significant biomass quantities also exist in cattle breeding. Animal manure and organic residue from cattle are used for biofuel production ā biogas. Annual quantities of overall animal manure in Croatia amount to 381,480,000 t and represent 25 % of the existing annual quantities. This biomass quantity (organic residue in husbandry) may provide a total of 244,538 t of annual equivalent values of crude oil.
Present agricultural production may provide 673,530 t/annually of biofuels from biomass (organic residue and waste) in the equivalent value of crude oil without jeopardizing permanent natural regeneration of organic matter in the soil.
Croatia possesses 2,688,687 ha of forests and forestland with 397,963,000 m3 of growing stock which increments annually by 10,526,000 m3. The annual cut or the prescribed cut is 6,564,000 m3 of gross volume. Of the total annual cut, about 40 % or 2,625,600 of timber is used for processing, 20 % or 1,312,800 m3 for of fuelwood for energy and the remaining 40 % or 2,625,000 m3 is left in the forest as waste.
Of this residue, 62.5 % or 1,641,000 m3 could be used for bioenergy production, while 37 % or 984,000 m3 would remain in the forest as waste. If this amount suitable for bioenergy is added to the quantity of 1,312,800 m3 of fuelwood, the total quantity of energy wood that could already be placed on the energy market amounts to 2,953,800 m3, which is 45 % of the total annual cut. This quantity could provide 600,000 t/annually of biofuel in the equivalent value of crude oil.
Therefore, Croatia can produce an annual biofuel quantity of 1,273,539 t from the existing reserves in agriculture and forestry. This amount is 2.8 times higher than the quantity (452,325 t) which Croatia is obliged to use in traffic instead of fossil fuels by 2030 (the EU Directive of 2003).
Taking into account realistic potential possibilities of biofuel production in agriculture and forestry, we believe that a strategy on biomass use and biofuel production should be developed in Croatia with the goal of achieving economic and ecological bene
- ā¦