Rationale for the Use of Protein-carbohydrate Mix in the Technology of Disperse Products

The possibility of using skim milk proteins and pectin of dogberries and sloes is considered.The high-quality whipped system was obtained based on the protein-carbohydrate clot and berry puree. This was possible due to the activation of the functional components of the berry puree in their joint whipping, due to the presence of the surface-active sodium caseinate and stabilizing properties of pectin. As a result of the controlled interaction of these substances, calcium pectate, and protein-carbohydrate complexes are formed, which ultimately improves the system viscosity.The content of essential ingredients in the mixes, including the protein-carbohydrate clot (PCC) with a concentration of 65...70 %; berry puree – 15...20 %, and sugar – 15 % was determined.Based on the experimental data, the production process parameters of the protein-carbohydrate mix (PCM), including preparation of raw materials; solubilization of protein-carbohydrate clot proteins; solubilization of berry puree pectin; mixing of the protein-carbohydrate clot and modified berry puree; cooling of the system to 4±2°C were determined.It was found that the protein-carbohydrate mix (PCM) can be used in technologies of frozen dessert products under certain process conditions (temperature, pH).The studies confirm the feasibility of the PCM use in technologies of frozen dessert products both in terms of effectiveness and nutritional value. The developed technology is low-waste, resource-saving and simple

Determining the Quality of Milk Fat Dispersion in A Jet-slot Milk Homogenizer

One of the urgent problems in the dairy industry is to reduce power input in the process of dispersing milk fat while ensuring a high degree of homogenization. This problem can be solved through the development and implementation of a virtually unexplored jet-slot milk homogenizer. The principle of its action implies the preliminary separation of cream from whole milk and its feed into the high-velocity flow of skim milk. The homogenization process occurs by creating a sufficient difference in velocities of the disperse and dispersing phases of the milk emulsion, which is mathematically described by Weber's criterion.Experimental studies of the effect of fat content in cream, cream feed rate, and width of the annular slot on dispersion indices during processing in the designed homogenizer have been carried out. The mathematical dependence which relates these parameters was found. It was proved that to obtain a milk emulsion with a dispersion level of 0.8 μm, the width of the annular slot should be 0.1–0.5 mm, fat content in cream 40–50 %, and the feed rate less than 40 m/s. The results of the evaluation of dispersion quality show a 7 % decrease in the average diameter of the fat globules compared to the most common values obtainable in the valve homogenizer. A refined critical value of the Weber criterion for dispersion of the fat phase of milk was determined (29 units) which indicates an increase in the intensity of the homogenization process in comparison with the jet milk homogenizer with a separate cream feed. The derived critical value of the criterion is necessary to create a theory of the process of dispersing milk fat and develop more efficient designs of milk homogenizer

AICAR Improves Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Induced by High-Fat Diet in C57Bl/6 Male Mice

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of AMP-activated protein kinase activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) on the consequences of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes induced by the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) in male C57Bl/6 mice. Additionally, the animals from group 6 were administered Methotrexate (MTX) at a dose of 1 mg/kg in parallel with AICAR, which slows down the metabolism of AICAR. The animals were recorded with signs of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus by recording their body weights, glucose and insulin levels, and the calculating HOMA-IRs. At the end of the study, at the end of the 13th week, during necropsy, the internal organs were assessed, the masses of the organs were recorded, and special attention was paid to visceral fat, assessing its amount and the mass of the fat surrounding epididymis. The biochemical parameters and histology of the internal organs and tissues were assessed. The animals showed signs of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, namely, weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, an increase in the amount and mass of abdominal fat, and metabolic disorders, all expressed in a pathological change in biochemical parameters and pathological changes in internal organs. The AICAR treatment led to a decrease in body weight, a decrease in the amount and mass of abdominal fat, and an improvement in the pathomorphological picture of internal organs. However, some hepatotoxic effects were observed when the animals, on a received standard diet (STD), were treated with AICAR starting from the first day of the study. The additional administration of MTX, an AICAR metabolic inhibitor, did not improve its efficacy. Thus, AICAR has therapeutic potential for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes

Screening of the Promising Direct Thrombin Inhibitors from Haematophagous Organisms. Part I: Recombinant Analogues and Their Antithrombotic Activity In Vitro

The success in treatment of venous thromboembolism and acute coronary syndromes using direct thrombin inhibitors has stimulated research aimed at finding a new anticoagulant from haematophagous organisms. This study deals with the comparison between hirudin-1 from Hirudomedicinalis(desirudin), being the first-known and most well-studied natural anticoagulant, along with recombinant analogs of haemadin from the leech Haemadipsa sylvestris, variegin from the tick Amblyomma variegatum, and anophelin from Anopheles albimanus. These polypeptides were chosen due to their high specificity and affinity for thrombin, as well as their distinctive inhibitory mechanisms. We have developed a universal scheme for the biotechnological production of these recombinant peptides as pharmaceutical substances. The anticoagulant activities of these peptides were compared using the thrombin amidolytic activity assay and prolongation of coagulation time (thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time) in mouse and human plasma. The preliminary results obtained suggest haemadin as the closest analog of recombinant hirudin-1, the active substance of the medicinal product Iprivask (Aventis Pharmaceuticals, USA) for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing elective hip or knee replacement surgery. In contrast, variegin can be regarded as a natural analog of bivalirudin (Angiomax, The Medicines Company), a synthetic hirudin-1 derivative certified for the treatment of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and of patients with unstable angina pectoris after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty