THE PRICE OF RUNNING LIQUID PREDICTION MARKETS

Prediction markets have widely emerged, especially in corporate settings. In order to overcome the perpetual problem of illiquidity, many prediction markets apply so-called automated market makers as market mechanism for trading. However, because they usually need a subsidy to work, they only have been used in play-money markets, where no real money is at stake and losses for operators cannot occur. In this paper, we analyze the only two automated market makers with upper-bounded losses and study maximum and expected subsidies. For PM operators, these amounts to subsidize markets can potentially be compared against the costs of running pure playmoney markets

VPLYV HNOJENIA FERMENTOVANÝM BIOKALOM NA ÚRODU A VÝŽIVNÚ HODNOTU NADZEMNEJ FYTOMASY KUKURICE SIATEJ (ZEA MAYS L.)

Yield and nutritional value of maize for silage in dependance on type, rate and application of organic manures were investigated in a field semi-operational experiment established near the biogas station in the location of Kolíňany in the years 2004 and 2005. The trial results confirmed a statistically high significant effect of weather conditions on the maize aboveground phytomass yield. Under the infavourable weather conditions of the year 2004 a lower yield (28.01 t.ha-1) was achieved in comparison with the year 2005 (48.33 t.ha-1). When 50 t.ha-1 of biosludge was applied in autumn, the highest yield as well as the highest energy value of aboveground maize phytomass expressed in terms of net energy of lactation (NEL = 6.45 MJ.kg-1 DM) and net energy of fattening (NEF = 6.47 MJ.kg-1 DM) were achieved. Spring application of biosludge decreased the content of dry matter in maize by 20.7 %, and increased the content of crude protein by 13.7 %, crude fibre by 5.5 % and ash by 26.3 % compared to the values achieved at autumn biosludge application. The value of protein truly digested in the small intestine was the highest in treatment fertilized with farm - yard manure with the rate of 40 t. ha-1 (PDIN = 52.33 g.kg-1 DM, PDIE = 77.37 g.kg-1 DM).V poľnom poloprevádzkovom pokuse založenom v blízkosti bioplynovej stanice v lokalite Kolíňany sa sledovala v rokoch 2004 a 2005 úroda a výživná hodnota nadzemnej fytomasy kukurice siatej v závislosti od druhu, dávky a termínu aplikácie organických hnojív. Kukurica siata odrody ANIOU 450 sa pestovala na piesočnato-hlinitej hnedozemi so slabo kyslou pôdnou reakciou, stredným obsahom fosforu, dobrým obsahom draslíka, veľmi vysokým obsahom horčíka a malým obsahom humusu. Experimentálny pozemok je situovaný v kukuričnej výrobnej oblasti, v miernej klimatickej oblasti B 3 (mierne teplá, mierne vlhká) s nadmorskou výškou 192 m n. m. Dlhodobý úhrn zrážok (1951-1980) bol 561 mm, dlhodobá priemerná ročná teplota vzduchu bola 9,7 0C. Pokus bol založený s piatimi variantmi hnojenia, ktoré boli štvornásobne opakované. Na variantoch hnojených organickými hnojivami sa aplikovalo kombinované priemyselné hnojivo NPK 15-15-15 v dávke 250 kg.ha-1. Varianty hnojenia sú diferencované rozdielnymi dávkami organických hnojív: variant 1: nehnojená kontrola, variant 2: NPK + 25 t.ha-1 maštaľného hnoja (MH 25), variant 3: NPK + 50 t.ha-1 biokalu aplikovaného na jeseň (kal jeseň), variant 4: NPK + 40 t.ha-1 maštaľného hnoja (MH 40), variant 5: NPK + 50 t.ha-1 biokalu aplikovaného na jar (kal jar). Výsledky pokusov potvrdili štatisticky vysoko preukazný vplyv pestovateľského ročníka na úrodu nadzemnej fytomasy kukurice siatej. V poveternostne nepriaznivom roku 2004 sa dosiahla nižšia priemerná úroda fytomasy (28,01 t.ha-1) ako v roku 2005 (48,33 t.ha-1). Aplikáciou biokalu na jeseň v dávke 50 t.ha-1 sa dosiahla najvyššia úroda (40,89 t.ha-1) a najvyššia energetická hodnota nadzemnej fytomasy kukurice siatej, vyjadrená hodnotami netto energie laktácie (NEL = 6,45 MJ.kg- 1suš.) a netto energie výkrmu (NEV = 6,47 MJ.kg-1suš.). Jarná aplikácia biokalu v porovnaní s aplikáciou biokalu na jeseň znížila obsah sušiny o 20,7 %, zvýšila obsah N- látok o 13,7 %, vlákniny o 5,5 % a popola o 26,3 %. Hodnota skutočne stráviteľných dusíkatých látok v tenkom čreve bola najvyššia na variante hnojenom maštaľným hnojom v dávke 40 t.ha-1 (PDIN = 52,33 g.kg- 1 suš., PDIE = 77,37 g.kg-1 suš.). Dusíkaté hodnoty na variantoch hnojených biokalom potvrdzujú, že so vzrastajúcou sušinou celých rastlín klesá koncentrácia dusíkatých látok, zatiaľ čo PDIN sa s narastajúcou sušinou znižuje, PDIE sa zvyšuje. Kľúčové slová: kukurica siata, maštaľný hnoj, biokal, úroda, energetická a dusíkatá hodnot

Wrong taxonomy leads to a wrong conclusion on a putatively ‘invasive’ species to Europe: the case of Pseudacrobasis nankingella (Lepidoptera Pyralidae).

In this paper the current distribution, biology and ecology of Pseudacrobasis tergestella (Ragonot) was revised in the light of the new synonymy with Pseudacrobasis nankingella Roesler. The synonymy, established in 2014, falsified the hypothesis of a recent biological invasion of P. nankingella in European countries. Furthermore, new records for the Italian Peninsula are provided after 113 years from its description for the type locality near Trieste. Males and females were dissected and their genitalia compared to illustrations in literature for warranting a correct identification. This species is polyvoltine and feeds on seeds of Quercus but adults are reported to emerge also from cones of Pinus. It was usually found in mild and humid forested habitats, in coastal areas and along rivers. The currently known range of P. tergestella includes the westernmost and the easternmost regions of the Palearctic, with a very large disjunction. We plan to submit specimens from as many as possible populations of this species to DNA barcoding analysis in order to investigate the diversification of genetic lineages

Möglichkeiten des Carving-Schwunges im Skifahren und Snowboarden

Nowadays, skiers and snowboarders leave drifted turns behind. Carving is a password to enter all winter resorts. Ski and snowboard equipment is produced in such a way as to comply as much as possible with the developing trends in both skiing and snowboarding techniques. This paper is a comparison of classical skis and Alpine snowboard, in other words, a comparison between the old and the new. It also initiates a discussion on lateral balance which influences both skiers and snowboarders. In the measurements, classical slalom skis and a slalom snowboard were used. The goal was to point out the different possibilities of the carving turn performance. The intention was to emphasize the contribution of snowboarding technique to skiing. The results presented indicate the better racing performance on a snowboard compared to classical non-carving slalom skis. Though skis are faster in a straight run, the snowboard proved to be faster in the turns. This may be a guideline for coaches to analyze the technique of their team members and take into account the results when creating a workout.Uvod Karving zavoj najviši je doseg tehnike skijanja i daskanja na snijegu. Koristeci karving zavoj, vozač često mijenja smjer vožnje i smanjuje gubitak brzine. Postojeća konstrukcija strukiranih skija, vezova i dasaka za snijeg (monoskija) omogućuje optimalan pritisak na unutarnji rub tako da vozač može zasjeći, “rezbariti” snježnu površinu na najprimjereniji način uz minimalan otpor i gubitak na brzini. Razmotrimo li raspon samih gibanja, uočit ćemo da daske za snowboard pružaju bolje pretpostavke za bolji i brži karving zavoj. Veći opseg pokreta, osobito postraničnih gibanja težišta tijela, pomaže prebacivanju monoskije na unutarnji rub. Također, promjena rubljenja može biti brža ako daskaš izbjegava otklizavanja. Mi smo ocjenjivali sposobnost izvođenja lateralno uravnoteženih zavoja na obje strane. Metoda Proveli smo i inter- i intra-individualnu dvodimenzionalnu kinematičku analizu, kao i nezavisno mjerenje vremena vožnje dva vozača vrhunske i skijaške i snowboarding vještine te profesionalne tehnike vožnje. Prvi vozač imao je uobičajeni stav, jaču lijevu nogu te nešto koordiniraniju desnu nogu. Drugi je imao obrnuti stav, snažniju desnu nogu i koordiniraniju lijevu nogu. Za ispitivanje koordinacijske preferencije i snage koristili smo dvije metode: udaranje lopte nogom i penjanje na stolicu kao dio kružnog testa od deset zadataka. Kamera je bila postavljena na radnom mjestu u sredini kruga. Iz takvog položaja zadani pokret vidi se kao po ravnoj liniji. Tako smo mogli koristiti dvodimenzionalnu kinematicku analizu. Rotacija kamere bila je kompenzirana kalibracijom tla uz pomoć čvrstih točaka. Frekvencija snimanja bila je 50 snimaka u sekundi. Ispitivali smo po jedan cjeloviti osnovni zavoj i paralelni zavoj od brijega. U obje situacije označili smo vrata. Nezavisno vrijeme mjerenja korišteno je radi kompenzacije nekih kinematičkih pogrešaka u analizi vožnje zavoja. Usporedili smo vremena vožnje zavoja s vremenima ravne vožnje duge 14 metara. Svaki je sportaš nakon probnog pokušaja odvezao po tri vožnje. U mjerenjima, koja su provedena 1999. godine, koristili smo klasične slalomske skije i slalomsku dasku za snijeg. U vrijeme pojavljivanja strukiranih skija željeli smo naglasiti različite mogućnosti izvedbe karving zavoja te istaknuti doprinos tehnike daskanja na snijegu tehnici skijanja. Analizirali smo najbržu vožnju. Način starta bio je jednak i za skijanje i za daskanje na snijegu u svakoj situaciji. Startalo se okretanjem skije ili daske preko ruba startne platforme. Vozači nisu imali mogućnost izvesti ni jedan jedini dodatni pokret ni rukama ni nogama kako bi si dali početno ubrzanje. Rezultati U svim situacijama paralelnog zavoja od brijega utvrdili smo manji gubitak relativne brzine u vožnji na monoskiji u usporedbi s klasičnom skijaškom vožnjom. U većini situacija u izvedbi osnovnog zavoja vozači su postizali veće relativno ubrzanje na kraju zavoja. S obzirom na mali uzorak, dobiveni su rezultati ograničene valjanosti. Analiza vožnji dvaju vozača može poslužiti samo za približnu usporedbu. Oba su vozača postigla bolju postraničnu ravnotežu u paralelnom zavoju od brijega na skijama. Prvi je pokazao bolju daskašku tehniku te je postigao dobru postraničnu ravnotežu u izvedbi zavoja od brijega, a također i na monoskiji. Drugi je vozač pokazao potpuno jednaku izvedbu desnog i lijevog zavoja na skijama, što je bilo 44% vremena zaostatka u odnosu na ravnu vožnju. Drugi je vozač bio brži na monoskiji u desnu stranu, što je, u ovom slučaju, bio prednji zavoj. Vremensko kašnjenje iznosilo je 42,8%. U zavoju leđima (lijevi zavoj) vremensko kašnjenje bilo je 47%. Viša lateralna kvaliteta može biti rezultat simetričnog stava na skijama u poziciji vožnje. Pokreti skijaša u takvom stavu su djelomično slicni najprirodnijem obliku ljudskog kretanja-hodanju. Brža vožnja na skijama nego na dasci za snijeg u ravnoj vožnji bila je vjerojatno uzrokovana većom kontaktnom površinom skija. Posljedica toga je manje specifično trenje na skijama. Na dionici ravne vožnje, na polovici od ukupno mjerenog vremena, dostignuta brzina na skijama i na monoskiji približno je slična, dok su na ciljnoj crti monoskije bile definitivno brže. U usporedbi sa zavojima na skijama, u daskaškim zavojima bilo je manje otklizavanja, što znači da su bili brži. Kod zahtjevniih paralelih zavoja od brijega prvi je vozač postigao dobro uravnoteženu postraničnu izvedbu i na skijama i na monoskiji. To je predstavljeno vremenom zaostatka u odnosu na ravnu vožnju koje iznosi 24.8% u obje strane na skijama i 12.2%, odnosno 12.8 % na daski. Drugi je vozač također pokazao dobre postranično uravnotežene zavoje na skijama. U desnu stranu vrijeme zaostatka bilo je 28%, dok je ulijevo bilo 31.3%. Na monoskiji je bio znatno bolji u desnu stanu (njegov prednji zavoj), gdje mu je vrijeme zaostatka iznosilo 19,3%. Vrijeme zaostatka u lijevu stranu (zavoj leđima) bilo je 31%. Ispitivani daskaški osnovni zavoji bili su brži od svih zavoja na skijama u svim vožnjama. Slično tome, ubrzanje mjereno između startne i ciljne linije bilo je brže na monoskiji kod tri od ukupno četiri vožnje. Bolja izvedba obojice vozača na njihovoj prednjoj strani može se objasniti različitim naginjanjem u zavoju. Kod zavoja leđima (stražnji zavoj), vozač se naginje preko ravnine svojih peta, koje su, u usporedbi s prstima, manje osjetljive. Dok se naginje unatrag, vozaču je ograničena vizualna kontrola, što automatski znači da ne može dovoljno kontrolirati rubljenje daske. To je također i odgovor na veće postranične razlike u daskaškim zavojima u odnosu na skijaške zavoje. Općenito, veca postignuta brzina na monoskiji rezultat je karving tehnike kojom se izbjegava otklizavanje kraja daske. Konstrukcija daske za snijeg i stav vozaca omogućuju jače rubljenje i pritisak na unutarnji rub. Zaključak Rezultati analiza potvrđuju navedene pretpostavke o bržim zavojima na monoskiji. Veća postranična smirenost trupa u izvedbi na skijama, a kod prvog sportaša i na monoskiji, potvrdila je nalaze da su sportaši više sportske i tehničke razine izvedbe lateralno više uravnoteženi. U odnosu na taj nalaz mi smatramo da daskaški pokreti u zavoju kod skijaša znače napredovanje, kao i da je moguć prenijeti pozitivan transfer daskaške tehnike na elemente skijaške tehnike. - U slučaju dvojice testiranih vozača klasično skijanje pokazalo se bržim u ravnoj vožnji. S druge strane, monoskija je bila brža u zavojima zbog svoje strukirane izvedbe. - U daskaškim zavojima oba su vozača bila brža u svom prednjem zavoju. - Uspoređujući desni i lijevi zavoj kod svakog vozača utvrdili smo da postoji veća razlika u izvedbi daskaških zavoja, što može imati isti, gore spomenuti uzrok (prednji zavoj). U usporedbi sa skijama, slalomska monoskija je kraća i većih rubova. Stoga daska za snijeg ima bolje mehaničke preduvjete za izvedbu karving zavoja. Oni mogu biti izvedeni jakim pritiskom unutarnjeg ruba daske i rubljenjem pod širokim kutom. U izvedbi tehnike daskaš se u zavoju može nagnuti znatno više od skijaša. Implementacija progresivnih mehaničkih i funkcionalnih kvaliteta u proizvodnji strukiranih skija urodila je novim idejama za daljnje unaprebenje tehnike skijaških zavoja. U posljednje vrijeme ovaj trend javlja se čak i u slalomu.In der Technik der Ski- und Snowboard-Schwünge ist eine deutliche Reduzierung der Rutschbewegung von Skiern, bzw. vom Snowboard bemerkbar. Carving ist ein Hennwort, mit dem man alle Wintersportörte betritt. Die Ski- und Snowboard-Ausrüstung ist dem progressiven Trend der Schwungtechnik maximal angepasst. Unsere Studie stellt einen Vergleich zwischen den Schwüngen auf klassischen Skiern und den Schwüngen auf dem alpinen Snowboard dar, nämlich, einen Vergleich zwischen der alten und der neuen Fahrtechnik. Sie befasst sich auch mit der Problematik der Lateralität, die sowohl die Skifahrer als auch die Snowboarder beinflusst. In den Messungen wurden die klassischen Skier und das Slalom-Snowboard angewandt. Das Ziel der Studie war, sowohl auf die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten des Carving-Schwunges als auch auf den geleisteten Beitrag der Snowboardtechnik zu Skifahren aufmerksam zu machen. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse deuten auf bessere Snowboard-Fahrleistungen im Vergleich zu den klassischen nicht-carving Slalom-Skiern. Obwohl die Skifahrer auf klassischen Skiern schneller fuhren auf der schnurgeraden Strecke, war das Snowboard schneller in den Bögen. Diese Ergebnisse könnten den Trainern helfen, sowohl die Schwungtechnik ihrer Mannschaftsglieder zu analysieren als auch die in dieser Studie erhaltenen Ergebnisse in Betracht zu ziehen, wenn sie das Trainingsplan gestalten

MEASUREMENT OF AMORTISATION AND TAKE OFF FORCE IMPULSE DURING THE JUMP WITH BOTH LEGS

The various of jumps belong to currently used training methods. They are used to test and determine the state of training level. It is also convenient for training process management. Squat jumps and coutermovement jumps allowed to find out the parameters of slow muscle work (stretch-shortening cycle) a drop jump can help as to find out the parameters of fast stretch-shortening cycle. There exists an optimal height of drop jump in which can be reached an optimal using of amortisation impulse. All types of jumps have force impulse compound from the amortisation impulse (Ia) and takeoff impulse (It). The squat t jump is an exception. Duration, sue and shape of impulse are suitable parameters for quantifying and management of training The dynamometric board KISTLER shows the course of total force impulse and the duration of flying phase t, of the jump The total force impulse applies m Is= Ia + It (1) The height of the jump can be calculated from the -off impulse in formula h = I;/(2mZg) (2) Applied formula for height of the jump calculated from the flying phase h = 1/8(gt,2) (3) After calculation of the formula (3) we are able to substitute the height of the Jump into the formula (2) and we gain relation for the takeoff Impulse It is I, = l/2(gtfm) (4) Using substitution for relation (4) to (1) we calculate the sue of the amortization impulse. The term height of the jump is understood as the difference between the highest point of trajectory of gravity centre and gravity centre m standing (both are measured at the vertical axis). The part of the jump is also a lifting of the body on the tiptoes just before finishing the takeoff phase of the jump. The lifting has the influence for the force impulse size I,. The first contact with the ground is through tiptoes. These facts have been taken into the consideration in calculating the height of the jump from flying phase by the formula (3) and in calculating the amortization impulse I

The Impact of the Organizational Design of Innovation Units on the Consideration of Cybersecurity

Digital innovations are not only associated with opportunities for value creation but also lead to threats, for example, additional cybersecurity risks. Dealing with the conflicting requirements of innovations and cybersecurity can lead to a trade-off for organizations that companies setting up innovation units outside their core organization need to address. We conducted a cross-industry interview study to investigate the impact of organizational design of innovation units on the consideration of cybersecurity. Our results, embedded in Galbraith’s star model, reveal five types of innovation units and three patterns of organizational design that impact this consideration. The effect of these patterns ranges from an ill- or over-consideration to a cybersecurity-innovation equilibrium. Thereby, we extend the existing literature on the trade-off of innovation and cybersecurity by organizational design considerations regarding strategy, structure, and processes. This theoretical contribution has implications for the organizational design of innovation units in practice

NEEDS AND POSSIBILITIES OF MINIMALIZATION OF MECHANICAL EXERTING OF LOWER EXTREMITIES DURING LANDING IN RECREATIONAL SPORTS

Sports games are favourite form of sports recreational activities. However, positives joint together with performing them are accompanied by certain problems. Frequent injuries and pains of motion apparatus of sportsmen demonstrate this fact. The reason of this phenomena has mechanical origin - inadequate claims on motion apparatus. Rapid changes of direction and speed are namely typical for players. It is showed significantly at jumps, which are the important part of motion in sports games, mainly in volleyball. Great impact force of soles to the ground origins here. The authors of this paper investigate this problem. They choose the goal to know about reaction force of ground during the landing at sports games, factors determining its magnitude and possibilities of influencing of these factors with intention to minimalize reaction force of the ground. The results of the work supplement the knowledge of biomechanics on mechanical exerting of motion apparatus during landing. Paper brings data about the magnitude of overload during these activities. It demonstrates that activities, in which jumps are involved, present the danger of “overlimited" mechanical overload. Simultaneously it ,gives the proofs about the necessity to minimalize the reaction force of ground during the landing

Energy Potential of Biomass Sources in Slovakia

Renewable energy has provided many potential benefits, including a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the diversification of energy supplies, and a reduced dependency on fossil fuel markets (oil and gas in particular). The growth of renewable energy sources (RES) may also have the potential to stimulate employment in the European Union (EU), through the creation of jobs in new green technologies. In this chapter, first, we introduce the information on renewable energy sources, their statistics, and legislation background in Slovakia. In more detail, we further introduce the information on forest and agricultural biomass as a renewable energy source. In the experimental part, we introduce two case studies—the assessment of the potential stock of woody biomass and the determination of energetic properties of woody biomass, i.e., selected fast-growing tree species based on the implementation of laboratory fire tests and calorimetric analyses

VPLYV HNOJENIA FERMENTOVANÝM BIOKALOM NA ÚRODU A VÝŽIVNÚ HODNOTU NADZEMNEJ FYTOMASY KUKURICE SIATEJ (ZEA MAYS L.)

Yield and nutritional value of maize for silage in dependance on type, rate and application of organic manures were investigated in a field semi-operational experiment established near the biogas station in the location of Kolíňany in the years 2004 and 2005. The trial results confirmed a statistically high significant effect of weather conditions on the maize aboveground phytomass yield. Under the infavourable weather conditions of the year 2004 a lower yield (28.01 t.ha-1) was achieved in comparison with the year 2005 (48.33 t.ha-1). When 50 t.ha-1 of biosludge was applied in autumn, the highest yield as well as the highest energy value of aboveground maize phytomass expressed in terms of net energy of lactation (NEL = 6.45 MJ.kg-1 DM) and net energy of fattening (NEF = 6.47 MJ.kg-1 DM) were achieved. Spring application of biosludge decreased the content of dry matter in maize by 20.7 %, and increased the content of crude protein by 13.7 %, crude fibre by 5.5 % and ash by 26.3 % compared to the values achieved at autumn biosludge application. The value of protein truly digested in the small intestine was the highest in treatment fertilized with farm - yard manure with the rate of 40 t. ha-1 (PDIN = 52.33 g.kg-1 DM, PDIE = 77.37 g.kg-1 DM).V poľnom poloprevádzkovom pokuse založenom v blízkosti bioplynovej stanice v lokalite Kolíňany sa sledovala v rokoch 2004 a 2005 úroda a výživná hodnota nadzemnej fytomasy kukurice siatej v závislosti od druhu, dávky a termínu aplikácie organických hnojív. Kukurica siata odrody ANIOU 450 sa pestovala na piesočnato-hlinitej hnedozemi so slabo kyslou pôdnou reakciou, stredným obsahom fosforu, dobrým obsahom draslíka, veľmi vysokým obsahom horčíka a malým obsahom humusu. Experimentálny pozemok je situovaný v kukuričnej výrobnej oblasti, v miernej klimatickej oblasti B 3 (mierne teplá, mierne vlhká) s nadmorskou výškou 192 m n. m. Dlhodobý úhrn zrážok (1951-1980) bol 561 mm, dlhodobá priemerná ročná teplota vzduchu bola 9,7 0C. Pokus bol založený s piatimi variantmi hnojenia, ktoré boli štvornásobne opakované. Na variantoch hnojených organickými hnojivami sa aplikovalo kombinované priemyselné hnojivo NPK 15-15-15 v dávke 250 kg.ha-1. Varianty hnojenia sú diferencované rozdielnymi dávkami organických hnojív: variant 1: nehnojená kontrola, variant 2: NPK + 25 t.ha-1 maštaľného hnoja (MH 25), variant 3: NPK + 50 t.ha-1 biokalu aplikovaného na jeseň (kal jeseň), variant 4: NPK + 40 t.ha-1 maštaľného hnoja (MH 40), variant 5: NPK + 50 t.ha-1 biokalu aplikovaného na jar (kal jar). Výsledky pokusov potvrdili štatisticky vysoko preukazný vplyv pestovateľského ročníka na úrodu nadzemnej fytomasy kukurice siatej. V poveternostne nepriaznivom roku 2004 sa dosiahla nižšia priemerná úroda fytomasy (28,01 t.ha-1) ako v roku 2005 (48,33 t.ha-1). Aplikáciou biokalu na jeseň v dávke 50 t.ha-1 sa dosiahla najvyššia úroda (40,89 t.ha-1) a najvyššia energetická hodnota nadzemnej fytomasy kukurice siatej, vyjadrená hodnotami netto energie laktácie (NEL = 6,45 MJ.kg- 1suš.) a netto energie výkrmu (NEV = 6,47 MJ.kg-1suš.). Jarná aplikácia biokalu v porovnaní s aplikáciou biokalu na jeseň znížila obsah sušiny o 20,7 %, zvýšila obsah N- látok o 13,7 %, vlákniny o 5,5 % a popola o 26,3 %. Hodnota skutočne stráviteľných dusíkatých látok v tenkom čreve bola najvyššia na variante hnojenom maštaľným hnojom v dávke 40 t.ha-1 (PDIN = 52,33 g.kg- 1 suš., PDIE = 77,37 g.kg-1 suš.). Dusíkaté hodnoty na variantoch hnojených biokalom potvrdzujú, že so vzrastajúcou sušinou celých rastlín klesá koncentrácia dusíkatých látok, zatiaľ čo PDIN sa s narastajúcou sušinou znižuje, PDIE sa zvyšuje. Kľúčové slová: kukurica siata, maštaľný hnoj, biokal, úroda, energetická a dusíkatá hodnot