Нормативне забезпечення особистої безпеки працівників Національної поліції України

The level of normative provision of personal safety of the employees of the National Police of Ukraine has been clarified. The normative base of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the National Police of Ukraine in regard to ensuring the personal safety of a police officer has been analyzed. It has been established that the normative level stipulates a norm on ensuring the personal safety of police officers in the performance of their official duties, but the legislator does not provide an explanation of the essence of the concept of personal safety. The lack of the definition of this concept in regulatory acts gives rise to a number of discussions among scholars in various fields of research. The most successful definitions of the concepts of security and personal safety of law enforcement officers have been consistently studied. In accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police” and in order to ensure the personal safety of police officers and to prevent the death, injury and trauma of them and others during the handling of weapons, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine approved the Instruction on security measures when handling weapons, which is only a part of the official activities of police agencies (institutions, organizations) and does not reveal the essence of the content of personal safety. It has been offered to regulate the high level of performance of police duties by police officers, i.e. to supplement the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police” or the relevant bylaws with the definition of “personal safety of police officers”, which can help to address theoretical and practical issues on developing concrete measures to increase the personal safety of police officers and to stop discussions on understanding this concept.З’ясовано рівень нормативного забезпечення особистої безпеки працівників Національної поліції України. Проаналізовано нормативну базу, яка стосується діяльності Національної поліції України. Установлено, що на нормативному рівні закріплено норму щодо забезпечення особистої безпеки поліцейських під час виконання ними службових обов’язків, але роз’яснення сутті поняття особистої безпеки законодавець нормативно не закріпив. В умовах реформування системи Міністерства внутрішніх справ України та діяльності Національної поліції України для забезпечення високого рівня виконання працівниками поліції своїх службових обов’язків потрібне нормативне регулювання змісту їх особистої безпеки, що припинить марні дискусії науковців у сфері висунення гіпотез щодо розуміння поняття «особиста безпека поліцейського»

Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Actinidia polygama and A. arguta fruits and leaves

Plants of two species of Actinidia genus grown in an adverse steppe climate were examined in terms of secondary metabolites’ accumulation, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial ability. The aim of the work was to reveal whether the introduced plants A. arguta and A. polygama retain their well-known health benefits. Total content of polyphenols (549.2 and 428.1 mg GAE/100 g FW, respectively), flavonoids, and phenolic acids as well as total antioxidant activity and reducing power of the fruit isopropanol extracts were found to be equal or even higher than the reported data on kiwifruit varieties cultivated in China and other regions. Antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds’ content in the fruit peel of both species were higher when compared to pulp, while corresponding indices of leaves exceeded those of the fruit. Disc-diffusion assays showed low to moderate antibacterial activity of A. arguta and A. polygama fruit and leaf extracts against collection Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains. Clinical strains of P. aeruginosa and E. coli resistant to the action of ofloxacin were notably inhibited by A. arguta and A. polygama fruit and leaf crude extracts. Inhibiting effects of plant extracts on clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii were comparable with the effect of ofloxacin. GC-MS assays identified 23 and 36 chemical constituents, respectively in A. arguta and A. polygama fruit isopropanol extracts. The main compounds in both extracts were 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester followed by squalene, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-dien-2,8-dione, octadecanoic acid, 2-oxo-methyl ester, ethyl-isoallocholate, and phytol having known bioactivities. Our findings confirmed the preservation of useful properties by the introduced plants and also indicated the rich health-promoting abilities and expedience of cultivating A. arguta and A. polygama in a steppe climate

Some aspects of general characteristic and classification of bacterial β-lactamases

Наведено дані стосовно основних структурних і функціональних груп бактеріальних β-лактамаз, а також сучасні системи класифікації β-лактамаз, які ґрунтуються на спектрах активності, чутливості до інгібіторів і особливостях молекулярної структури. Показано найважливіші властивості β-лактамаз: субстратна специфічність, чутливість до дії інгібіторів, особливості генетичної детермінації. Особливу увагу приділено β-лактамазам грамнегативних бактерій ТEM-, SHV-типу, їх ролі у формуванні стійкості до різних β-лактамів. Приведены данные относительно основных структурных и функциональных групп бактериальных β-лактамаз. Описаны современные системы классификации β-лактамаз, которые базируются на спектрах активности, чувствительности к ингибиторам и особенностях молекулярной струк­туры. Представлены основные свойства β-лактамаз: субстратная специфичность, чувствительность к действию ингибиторов, особенности генетической детерминации. Особое внимание уделяется β-лактамазам грамотрицательных бактерий ТEM-, SHV-типа, их роли в формировании устойчивости к различным β-лактамам. Main structural and functional groups of bacterial β-lactamases are cited in the data review. Modern systems of classification, which was based on spectra of activity, sensitivity to inhibitors and peculiarities of molecular structure are described. The basic properties of β-lactamases are presented: substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors, features of genetic determination. The special attention is given to β-lactamases of gram-negative bacteria TEM-, SHV-type and its role in the development of resistance to different β-lactams

Phytochemical profiles and antimicrobial activity of the inflorescences of Sorbus domestica, S. aucuparia, and S. torminalis

The genus Sorbus L. is known for its extremely complex taxonomical relationships and health-promoting phytochemicals included in the composition of its floral constituents. The inflorescences of three Sorbus species (rowans), characterized by distinct molecular-genetic traits, were studied in order to examine the possible chemotaxonomic and antimicrobial value of their metabolites. GC–MS profiling of the hexane extracts of S. domestica, S. aucuparia, and S. torminalis inflorescences identified a total of 87 components, which represented six chemical classes (hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, fatty acid, aldehydes, and ketones) and miscellaneous minor floral constituents (1-methylinosine, 5-amino tetrazole, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, 3-acetoxy-7,8-epoxylanostan-11-ol, cycloeucalenol acetate, etc.). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the qualitative and quantitative heterogeneity of the floral metabolites determined 1-hentetracontanol, nonacosane, pentadecyl acrylate, 1-methylhexacosane, cycloeucalenol acetate, butyl acetate, and urs-12-ene as the main components which contributed to the differences between S. domestica, S. aucuparia and S. torminalis and resulted in the distinction between the rowan species. Disc-diffusion assays showed variability in activity of inflorescence extracts against Gram-negative (Enterobacter dissolvens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive (Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis) bacterial and clinical fungal (Candida albicans) strains. The effect of S. torminalis was high against S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, while it was at its lowest against clinical C. albicans strains. Inflorescences of S. domestica showed the highest inhibition of P. aeruginosa, and moderate effects against S. epidermidis and C. albicans. Inflorescences of S. aucuparia caused low to moderate growth inhibition of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, while it showed the highest effect on C. albicans. Antimicrobial properties of rowan inflorescences may be attributed to oleic, linoleic, arachidic, hexadecanoic, and pentadecanoic acids, 24-norursa-3,12-diene, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, cycloeucalenol acetate, and other compounds which have known bioactivity. These findings indicated rowan inflorescences as a rich source of valuable secondary metabolites and allow us to assume an application of the floral constituents as chemotaxonomic markers of the genus Sorbus species

Soluble cuticular wax composition and antimicrobial activity of the fruits of Chaenomeles species and an interspecific hybrid

Plants of the genus Chaenomeles Lindl. (Rosaceae) naturally grow in Southeast Asia and represent the richest resource of biologically active compounds with beneficial properties for humans. Plants of C. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai species, and interspecific hybrid C. × superba (Frahm) Rehder (C. japonica × C. speciosa, Superba group) have been successfully introduced in the steppe zone of Ukraine and bear fruits. In this study, we evaluated chemical composition of fruit cuticular waxes and antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts. The soluble waxes were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 26–36 compounds, representing 91.7–96.6% of the total soluble cuticular waxes, were identified. Waxes of Chaenomeles fruits belonged to six classes, namely fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers and alkanes. Aldehydes 7-hexadecenal and heptacosanal, and alkanes hexatriacontane and tetrapentacontane were the main constituents in the soluble cuticular waxes of C. speciosa and C. × superba fruits, accounting for more than half of the total contents. However, alkane tetrapentacontane, alcohol 8,10-hexadecadien-1-ol and heptacosanal prevailed in C. japonica fruit waxes. Isopropanolic fruit extracts exhibited dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against four Gram-negative bacteria, five Gram-positive bacteria and one fungal strain in the disc diffusion assay. In general, extracts from the Chaenomeles fruits demonstrated higher activity against Gram+ bacteria than Gram- strains. The strongest inhibiting activity was shown against Staphylococcus epidermidis (by the fruit extracts of C. × superba and C. speciosa), Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Candida albicans (both by C. × superba fruit extract). Results of the study confirmed accumulation of the bioactive compounds in the fruit waxes of different Chaenomeles species and antimicrobial ability of Chaenomeles fruits as well. These findings revealed the bioactive compounds in fruit cuticular waxes and suggested health-promoting properties of introduced Chaenomeles species

Вплив іонів важких металів і цинкового комплексу на динаміку росту бактерій роду Pseudomonas

The problem of wastewater treatment is one of the most pressing issues from the beginning of the century. A special roleof the heavy metals in the pollution of the environment is due to their bioaccumulation, transfer through trophic chains, and high toxicity. Currently, advanced technologies for the wastewater treatment had been developed. Natural and cheap biological treatment methods of intensification of the natural processes of organic compounds decomposition by microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions are promising. Amongimportant processes are nitrification and denitrification. That’s why a great attention is paid to the microorganisms that are capable to realize these processes. The processes of interaction of the heavy metals ions and microorganisms are of great interest not only from the standpoint of basic science, but also as a possible use in biotechnological processes. Проблема очистки сточных вод – один из актуальных вопросов с начала века. Особое место тяжелых металлов среди загрязнителей окружающей среды связано с их накоплением в организме и передачей по трофическим цепям, их высокой токсичностью. Разработаны современные технологии очистки сточных вод: перспективы имеют естественные и дешевые биологические методы очистки, представляющие собой интенсификацию природных процессов разложения органических соединений микроорганизмами в аэробных или анаэробных условиях. Одни из основных – процессы нитрификации и денитрификации. Большое внимание уделяется микроорганизмам, способным выполнять эти процессы. Процессы взаимодействия между ионами тяжелых металлов и микроорганизмами представляют большой интерес не только для фундаментальной науки, а и как возможное применение в биотехнологических процессах. Проблема очищення стічних вод – одне з найактуальніших питань із початку століття. Особливе місце важких металів серед забруднювачів довкілля пов’язане з їх накопиченням в організмі та передачею трофічними ланцюгами, високою їх токсичністю. Розроблено сучасні технології очищення стічних вод: перспективи мають природні та найдешевші біологічні методи очищення, що являють собою інтенсифікацію природних процесів розкладання органічних сполук мікроорганізмами в аеробних або анаеробних умовах. Одні з основних – процеси нітрифікації та денітрифікації. Велика увага приділяється мікроорганізмам, здатним виконувати ці процеси. Процеси взаємодії між іонами важких металів і мікроорганізмами мають велике значення не тільки для фундаментальної науки, а і як можливе застосування у біотехнологічних процесах.

Strains of soil microorganisms promising for the creation of a complex plant protection product against mycoses and harmful insects

We evaluated the antagonistic activity of 23 strains of Bacillus spр. against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. moniliforme, Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger. The antagonistic activity was tested by agar diffusion (the method of blocks). For determining the influence of bacteria on barley plants , ardent seeds were treated by cultural liquid (dilution 1 : 10) for 2 hours and germinated in Petri dishes on moist filter paper. The fungistatic effect of Bacillus sрp. separately and in combination with entomopathogens (in equal ratio) was determined by the level of inhibition of the fungi Fusarium spp. on a solid nutrient medium with 5% of the culture liquid. Insecticidal activity of microorganisms was determined in the model experiments by the percentage of death of the caterpillar Archips podana Scop. Strains of Bacillus sp. KMB-3 and Bacillus sp. KMB-6 inhibited the growth of all test cultures (zones of growth inhibition 11.4–30.6 and 11.5–29.4 mm, respectively). We established the absence of antagonism between selected strains and entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis IMB-7186, fungi Beauveria bassiana IMB-F-100043. We found that treatment of barley seeds with culture liquids of Bacillus sp. KMB-3 and Bacillus sp. KMB-6 didn’t have a negative effect on the morphometric indices and dry weight of seedlings. We established that the highest percentage of growth inhibition of F. culmorum IMB-F-50716 was provided by a complex of Bacillus sp. KMB-3, B. bassiana IMB-F-100043 and B. thuringiensis IMB-7186, whose action was at the same level as the action of monoculture Bacillus sp. KMB-3 (85.4% and 84.7%, respectively). The highest percentage inhibition of growth of F. oxysporum ІМВ-F-54201 was provided by a complex of strains of Bacillus sp. KMB-3 and B. bassiana IMB-F-100043, whose effect was slightly inferior to that of the monoculture Bacillus sp. KMB-3 (68.4% and 75.1%, respectively). The insecticidal activity of complexes Bacillus sp. KMB-3, B. bassiana IMB-F-100043, B. thuringiensis IMB-7186 or Bacillus sp. KMB-6, B. bassiana IMB-F-100043, B. thuringiensis IMB-7186 insignificantly differed from that of the complex entomopathogens B. bassiana IMB-F-100043 and B. thuringiensis IMB-7186 (71.1%, 73.3% death versus 80.0%). The selected microbial complexes can be considered as promising for the development of a preparation for the protection of plants against fungal diseases and harmful insects

Микробиологические аспекты пробиотических препаратов

The main stages of the beginning and development of probiotic preparations, the general characteristics of modern probiotics, the scope of their use in medicine and veterinary are presented. The characteristics of microorganisms (bifidus bacteria, lactobacteria and Bacillus bacteria) used in the production of probiotics, the basic requirements that should be met by these organisms, as well as prospects for the development of probiotics are shown. Розглянуто основні етапи виникнення та розвитку пробіотичних препаратів, загальну характеристику сучасних пробіотиків, сфери їх використання в медицині та ветеринарії. Наведено характеристику мікроорганізмів (біфідобактерій, лактобактерій, бактерій роду Bacillus), які використовуються у виробництві пробіотиків, основні вимоги, яким повинні відповідати ці мікроорганізми, а також перспективи розвитку застосування пробіотиків.Рассмотрены основные этапы возникновения и развития пробиотических препаратов, общая характеристика современных пробиотиков, сферы их использования в медицине и ветеринарии. Дана характеристика микроорганизмов (бифидобактерий, лактобактерий, бактерий рода Bacillus), используемых в производстве пробиотиков, основные требования, которым должны отвечать эти микроорганизмы, а также перспективы развития применения пробиотиков.