A Comparison of Levels of Select Minerals in Scalp Hair Samples with Estimated Dietary Intakes of These Minerals in Women of Reproductive Age

The objective of this study was to evaluate daily intake of minerals and concentrations of minerals in hair in women of reproductive age. The study included 77 menstruating women, aged 35.9 ± 9.7 years. Subjects were divided into three groups according to age. All women were healthy. Hair samples were taken from several points of the occipital scalp. The content of minerals in hair samples was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Dietary intake of the analysed minerals was assayed on the basis of dietary intake interviews from three preceding days and evaluated using the dietetic computer programme. It was shown that calcium and iron daily intake by the women was below the recommended value. Only few women had low concentrations (below reference values) of magnesium, copper and zinc in hair. Statistically significant differences were shown between age groups. Generally, the concentrations of minerals in hair in the younger (19–30 years) and the older women (41–50 years) were higher than in hair of middle-aged women (31–40 years). The content of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in daily diets of women correlated inversely with copper level in their hair. Food products with good bioavailability of iron and calcium should be recommended for women of childbearing age in all age groups

Zawartosc skladnikow mineralnych w racjach pokarmowych wybranych grup mieszkancow Olsztyna

The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese in human food rations has been determined. The whole-day food rations (CRP) from a hospital and an orphanage, rations without supper (RP) from a creche and a kindergarten and dinner-only food rations (RO) from school and university canteens were analysed. The material was sampled two times for 5 days in spring and autumn 1991. Insufficient magnesium supply and considerable deficiency of iron, copper and zinc have been stated in the CRPs and RPs. The correct proportion of sodium to potassium was found in the hospital CRPs only. The meals prepared for children were characterised by very high sodium content

Radioactive caesium content in selected food products.Part I.Radioactive caesium content in dried milk[1987-1988]

W pełnym i odtłuszczonym mleku w proszku wyprodukowanym w okresie jesiennym 1987 i zimowym 1988 w wybranych zakładach mleczarskich z terenu całego kraju oznaczano zawartość radiocezu; stwierdzono poziom zróżnicowany i wyższy w porównaniu do danych sprzed 1986 roku.The content of radioactive ceasium in dried and dried skimmed milk from selected daires was double determined. The highest content was found in samples from milk from OSM Siedlce (98 Bq/kg) and skimmed milk from Radzyń Podlaski and Ostrołęka, (the former 90, the latter 62 Bq/kg). The lowest level of radioactive caesium was obserwed in samples from dried milk from Sieradz, Słupsk, Września, Olecko and Elbląg (about or below 10 Bq/kg). Although those levels of contamination with radioceasium didn't exceed values recommended by FAO they were determined as high for year 1987/88 as compared milk datas from previous 1985 year

Bioaccumulation of minerals in muscle tissue of rainbow trout in dependence on breeding conditions

Chów pstrąga wymaga szczegółowej wiedzy dotyczącej warunków produkcji oraz czynników chemicznych i biologicznych obecnych w środowisku. Zarówno opłacalność produkcji, jak i wpływ systemu produkcyjnego na środowisko przyrodnicze powinny być uwzględnione przy wyborze optymalnej technologii gospodarowania wodą w chowie pstrąga. W krajach o ograniczonych zasobach wodnych, do których należy Polska, wskazana jest oszczędność wody, co prowadzi do doskonalenia metod produkcji rybackiej o zmniejszonym zużyciu wody. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu jakości wody oraz technologii chowu pstrąga na biokoncentrację wapnia, magnezu, sodu i potasu w tkance mięśniowej pstrąga tęczowego. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2010 i 2011. Do badań wytypowano 2 gospodarstwa pstrągowe (województwo pomorskie). W pierwszym gospodarstwie stosowano system z jednokrotnym przepływem wody, a w drugim obiekcie - system recyrkulacji wody. Stwierdzono, że wody zastosowane w obiektach hodowlanych spełniały wymagania dla wód śródlądowych odpowiednich do hodowli ryb łososiowatych. W badanych obiektach technologia chowu wpływała istotnie na biokoncentrację magnezu, sodu i potasu w wodzie, natomiast nie miała wpływu na bioakumulację metali w tkance mięśniowej pstrąga. Jakość wody wpływała na bioakumulację metali w mięśniach pstrąga.Breeding of rainbow trout needs detailed knowledge on production conditions and chemical and biological parameters of the environment. Both profitability of production and influence of production system on nature should be considered during selection the optimal water management in trout breeding technology. In countries of limited water resources, including Poland, water saving is suggested what leads to improving the methods of fishing production of decreased water consumption. The aim of the water was to assess the influence of water quality and type of breeding technology on bioaccumulation of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in meat muscle of rainbow trout. Research was performed in 2010 and 2011. Two trout farms were selected for the experiment (in pomorskie voivodeship). In one farm system of through-flow of water was applied and in the other - water recirculation. It has been found that water used in both farms for fish breeding fulfilled Polish legal demands for inland waters suitable for salmonids breeding. Type of breeding technology significantly influenced concentration of magnesium, sodium and potassium in water, and had no influence on bioaccumulation of the metals in muscle tissue. Content of the metals in muscle tissue significantly depended on water quality

Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy

In this paper state of art on known and potential biomass sources is reviewed. The review will consider energy dedicated crops and waste types that are already applied for clean energy purposes as well as potential ones. The resources can be applied for biofuels, bioethanol, methane, hydrogen production by means of various processes (methane fermentation, pyrolysys etc). The environmental and economical benefits of biomass application as a renewable energy source are also described

Environmental factors influence milling and physical properties and flour size distribution of organic spelt wheat

Spelt grain harvested at four organic farms in Poland were assessed for physical and milling properties and flour size distribution. The spelt grain was diversified in relation to the majority of tested milling quality parameters. The environmental conditions had a significant impact on thousand kernel weight, vitreousness, PSI, kernel ash content, specific energy of milling and the particle size distribution of flour. The values of specific energy of milling, coefficient of grinding efficiency, rupture force and rupture energy in the spelt from the organic farms were significantly lower than common wheat. The highest spelt flour yield was obtained of kernels cultivated on ecological farm with semi-coherent and very dry soil was similar to that of common wheat; the milling yield of the spelt originating from other farms was by 9.5% to 12.7% less than from the wheat one. The greatest differences in PSD between the tested flours were detected for the values over 40 μm. The content of this fraction was determined in the range of app. 1% to almost 4.5%; the flour from common wheat contained app. 2.8% of this fraction

Content of dietary fibre and phytic acid in spelt bread depending on wheat variety

W diecie Polaków chleb jest głównym źródłem błonnika, który wraz z kwasem fitynowym jest uznawany za składnik pożywienia upośledzający przyswajanie składników mineralnych. Celem pracy było określenie zależności zawartości błonnika pokarmowego i kwasu fitynowego w chlebie od odmiany pszenicy, z której otrzymano mąkę użytą do wypieku. Analizie poddano chleby biały i sitkowy, wypieczone z mąki otrzymanej z ziarna 7 odmian pszenicy orkisz i 1 odmiany pszenicy zwyczajnej. Oznaczono w nich zawartość całkowitą błonnika, frakcji rozpuszczalnej i nierozpuszczalnej oraz kwasu fitynowego. W chlebie orkiszowym jasnym zawartość błonnika pokarmowego (4,65 – 6,52 % s.m.) i kwasu fitynowego (0,01 – 0,02 mg·g-1) nie zależała od odmiany pszenicy, z której mąkę użyto do wypieku. Chleb orkiszowy sitkowy zawierał, w zależności od odmiany pszenicy, z której otrzymano mąkę, statystycznie istotne różne ilości błonnika całkowitego (9,55 – 11,63 % s.m.), jego frakcji nierozpuszczalnej i kwasu fitynowego (2,18 – 5,94 mg·g-1). Zawartość frakcji rozpuszczalnej błonnika pokarmowego nie zależała od odmiany pszenicy, z której wyprodukowano mąkę użytą do wypieku chleba sitkowego. Chleb orkiszowy okazał się lepszym źródłem błonnika pokarmowego niż chleb wypieczony z mąki pszenicy zwyczajnej.In the diet of Poles, bread is a main source of dietary fibre, and together with the phytic acid, they are regarded as components deteriorating the assimilability of mineral elements. The objective of the study was to determine the dependence between the content of dietary fibre and phytic acid in bread and the wheat variety that was used to make flour for bread to be baked. White and brown breads were analyzed; they were baked of flour produced from grains of 7 spelt wheat varieties and of 1 common wheat variety. In the breads studied, total fibre, its soluble and insoluble fractions, and phytic acid content were determined. In the white spelt bread, the content of total dietary fibre (4.65 - 6.52 % of dry mass) and phytic acid (0.01 - 0.02 mg·g-1) did not depend on the wheat variety used to make flour for the breads baked and investigated. Depending on the wheat variety, amounts of total fibre (9.55 - 11.63 % of dry mass) and its insoluble fraction, and of phytic acid (2.18 - 5.94 mg·g-1) statistically significantly varied in the brown spelt breads investigated. The content of soluble dietary fibre fraction did not depend on the wheat variety of flour used to bake brown breads. The spelt bread appeared to be the best source of dietary fibre than the bread baked of common wheat flour

Mikrobiologiczne badania gleby, stawow rybnych i jeziora w poblizu mogilnika pestycydowego

Badano wodę i osady denne trzech stawów rybnych i jeziora Szeląg Wielki oraz glebę, w pobliżu i z mogilnika pestycydowego w Warlitach Wielkich k/Ostródy. Próby do badań pobierano, latem, jesienią i wiosną, z 12 stanowisk badawczych. Oznaczano ilościowo bakterie proteolityczne, amonifikacyjne, nitryfikacyjne, denitryfikacyjne, wiążące azot atmosferyczny (Azotobacter sp. i Clostridium pasteurianum), rozkładające mineralne i organiczne związki fosforu. We wszystkich badanych środowiskach, najwyższe liczebności drobnoustrojów stwierdzano jesienią lub latem, natomiast znacznie niższe wiosną. Najliczniej te mikroorganizmy występowały w środowisku glebowym (oprócz bakterii nitryfikacyjnych I i II fazy), natomiast mniej licznie stwierdzano je w zbiornikach wodnych. W wodzie stawowej oznaczano wyższe liczebności mikroorganizmów w porównaniu z wodą jeziorną. W osadach dennych natomiast uzyskiwano od 10 do 104 razy wyższe ich liczebności niż w wodach badanych zbiorników. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu mogilnika pestycydowego w Warlitach Wielkich k/Ostródy na liczebność mikroorganizmów cyklu azotowego i fosforowego, występujących w badanych środowiskach.Samples of water and bottom sediments were collected from three fish ponds and the Szeląg Wielki Lake, while soil was sampled from a pesticide tomb located at Warlity Wielkie n/Ostróda and its vicinity. Samples to be used for microbiological analyses were collected in spring, summer and autumn at 12 research sites. Quantitative measurements were carried out for proteolytic, ammonifying, nitrifying, denitrifying and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter sp., Clostridium pasteurianum) as well as for bacteria decomposing mineral and organic forms of phosphorus. In all samples, the highest numbers of bacteria were noted in autumn and summer, whereas considerably lower numbers were observed in spring. The highest bacteria populations were reported for soil bacteria (except for the nitrifying bacteria of the I and II phase), whereas the bacteria of water reservoirs appeared to be less numerous. In pond water, the numbers of bacteria were higher than in lake water. As compared with water 10 -104 times higher bacterial numbers were recorded in bottom sediments. No significant effect was observed of the pesticide tomb located at Warlity Wielkie n/Ostróda on the numbers of nitrogen - and phosphorus cycle bacteria occurring in the examined environments