Uticaj uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji na osobine dugovečnostii životne proizvodnje kod krava simentalske rase

The effect of cow age at first insemination on longevity and lifetime production traits was examined in the Simmental cows housed at the "Zlatiborski Suvati" (Mt. Zlatibor Pastures) farm. The general linear model was used to calculate linear regression coefficients for the effect of age at first insemination on longevity traits including the age at culling, the length of productive life, the total number of milking days and the cow utilization index as well as on lifetime production traits being lifetime milk production, the milk fat content of the lifetime milk production, lifetime milk fat production, lifetime production of 4% fat-corrected milk and milk production per milking, productive and lifetime day. Based upon the calculated linear regression coefficients, the age at first insemination had a very high significant effect (P lt 0.+001) on the age at culling and the cow utilization index (bxy=1.386 and bxy=-0.020) and no significant influence (P>0.05) on other longevity traits. Cow age at first insemination had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the lifetime milk and milk fat production traits.Uticaj uzrasta krava pri prvoj oplodnji na osobine dugovečnosti i životne proizvodnje ispitivan je kod krava simentalske rase smeštenih na farmi "Zlatiborski suvati". Opštim linearnim modelom izračunati su koeficijenti linearne regresije uticaja uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji na osobine dugovečnosti kao što su uzrast pri izlučenju, dužina produktivnog života, ukupan broj muznih dana i indeks iskorišćavanja krava i osobine životne proizvodnje me|u kojima su životna proizvodnja mleka, sadržaj mlečne masti životne proizvodnje mleka, životna proizvodnja mlečne masti, životna proizvodnja 4% masnog mleka i proizvodnja mleka po muznom, produktivnom i životnom danu. Na osnovu izračunatih koeficijenata linearne regresije uzrast pri prvoj oplodnji vrlo visoko značajno je uticao (P lt 0.001) na uzrast pri izlučenju i indeks iskorišćavanja krava (bxy=1.386 i bxy=-0.020), dok na ostale osobine dugovečnosti nije imao signifikantan uticaj (P>0.05). Uzrast krava pri prvoj oplodnji nije imao značajnog uticaja (P>0.05) na osobine životne proizvodnje mleka i mlečne masti

Uticaj paragenetskih faktora na telesnu razvijenost bikovskih majki Simentalske rase

Body development and type are very important indices of production ability of cows, their capacity to consume sufficient quantity of food, produce technologically high quality milk, reduce the energy consumption in production of milk, remain in exploitation as long as possible and give more progeny. This research included 278 cows of Simmental breed selected into the category of bull dams on the territory of Republic of Serbia. By application of method of least squares following average values of exterior measures were obtained: height to withers 136,04 cm; carcass length 165,81 cm; breast depth 73,61 cm; breast girth 201,12 cm; body mass 695,29 kg. Regions influenced statistically highly significantly all investigated exterior traits (P (lt) 0,01). Year of measuring had no statistically significant effect (P>0,05) on body development of Simmental bull dams. Obtained values were considerably uniform without any greater oscillations. .Telesna razvijenost i tip su veoma važni pokazatelji proizvodnih sposobnosti krava, njihovih mogućnosti da konzumiraju dovoljne količine hrane, daju tehnološki kvalitetno mleko, smanje utrošak energije u proizvodnji i što duže ostanu u proizvodnji i daju veći broj potomaka. Ovim istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 278 krava simentalske rase odabrane u kategoriju bikovskih majki na području Republike Srbije. Primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata dobijene su prosečne vrednosti eksterijernih mera: visina grebena 136,04 cm; dužina trupa 165,81 cm; dubina grudi 73,61 cm; obim grudi 201,12 cm; telesna masa 695,29 kg. Regioni su statistički vrlo značajno uticali na sve ispitivane eksterijerne osobine (P (lt) 0,01). Godina merenja nije statistički značajno uticala (P>0,05) na telesnu razvijenost bikovskih majki simentalske rase. Dobijene vrednosti bile su dosta ujednačene bez nekih većih oscilacija.

Uticaj uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji na neke reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine krava simentalske rase u prve tri laktacije

Certain reproductive and performance traits of Simmental cows, as well as the demonstration of those traits depending on the effect of age at first fertilization, were investigated. The investigation included 606 cows, divided according to age at first fertilization, in 10 groups (one month difference among groups). Statistical analysis of data was done by method of Least squares (LSMLMW, Harvey, 1989), the model with fixed influence of factors on observed traits was applied. Established results have shown that the age of head of cattle at first fertilization had highly significant effect (P lt 0,01) on the occurrence of deviation from the general average in the first service period and also on the weight of calves at first calving. At the second and third calving, the deviations from the general average in investigated reproductive traits were within the limits of random. In regard to the demonstration of performance traits, the effect of age at first fertilization was most expressive in first lactation. The greatest negative deviation from the general average in milk yield and yield of milk fat, were established in first calving cows which were the youngest at fertilization-calving. The increase of age at first fertilization induced the less negative deviations from the general average. In the second and third lactation, deviation from the general average depending on the age at first fertilization, expressed the same trend, but within the limits of random deviations (P>0,05).Ispitivane su reproduktivne i proizvodni osobine krava simentalske rase i njihova ispoljenost u zavisnosti od uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je uzrast grla pri prvoj oplodnji, uticao na pojavu visoko-značajnih (P lt 0,01) odstupanja od opšteg proseka kod trajanja prvog servis-perioda, kao i mase teladi pri prvom telenju. Pri drugom i trećem telenju odstupanja od opšteg proseka kod posmatranih reproduktivnih osobina bila su u granicama slučajnih odstupanja. Uticaj uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji na ispoljenost proizvodnih osobina bio je visoko-značajan (P lt 0,01) u prvoj laktaciji. U drugoj i trećoj laktaciji ispoljenost proizvodnih osobina nije značajno zavisila od uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji

Uticaj sistematskih faktora na mlečnost krava Simentalske rase u celim laktacijama

The effect of systematic factors on production traits over complete lactations was investigated in 2,805 Simmental cows born in 1982 and onwards. The cows were housed at three farms in different areas: at the Zlatiborski Suvati dairy farm, Zlatibor, at the Dobricevo Agricultural Farm, Cuprija and at private farms in the region of Kotraze. The systematic factors (farm, calving season, lactation groups, group (year x season of birth), farm x calving season and farm x lactation group interactions) and age at first conception had statistically highly significant (P (lt) 0.001) effects on all complete lactation traits, with the exception of the effect of calving season on complete lactation duration (P (lt) 0.05) and milk-fat content (P>0.05). No statistically significant effect was produced by age at first conception on complete lactation duration and milk-fat content (P>0.05). Determination coefficients ranged from 0.100 in complete lactation duration to 0.361 in milk-fat content.Ispitivanje uticaja sistematskih faktora na ispoljenost proizvodnih osobina celih laktacija obavljeno je kod 2805 krava simentalske rase rođenih od 1982. godine pa na dalje. Krave su smeštene na tri farme, odnosno područja: farmi muznih krava 'Zlatiborski suvati' na Zlatiboru, Poljoprivrednom dobru Dobričevo u Ćupriji i području Kotraže na individualnim gazdinstvima. Sistematski faktori (farma, sezona telenja, grupe laktacija, grupa (godina x sezona rođenja), interakcije farma x sezona telenja i farma x grupe laktacija) i uzrast pri prvoj oplodnji statistički su vrlo visoko značajano (P (lt) 0.001) uticali na sve osobine punih laktacija, izuzimajući uticaj sezone telenja na trajanje punih laktacija (P (lt) 0.05) i sadržaj mlečne masti (P>0.05). Uzrast pri prvoj oplodnji nije statistički značajno uticao na trajanje celih laktacija i sadržaj mlečne masti u njima (P>0.05). Koeficijenti determinacije kretali su se od 0.100 kod trajanja celih laktacija do 0.361 kod sadržaja mlečne masti

Varijabilnost linearno ocenjenih osobina tipa bikovskih majki simentalske rase

One of the important factors of successful milk production is group of secondary traits: health, longevity, type and milking traits. These traits have become increasingly significant. In order for productive life of cows used in production of milk to be as long and as successful as possible, special attention must be directed to traits of body type and constitution. In selection of cows into the category of bull dams all heads are measured - exterior traits, and evaluated linearly for traits of type or body frame, body muscular characteristics/muscularity, form (appearance) and udder according to Regulation on method of evaluation of traits of breeding livestock (Official journal of RS, No. 21,1996). The effects of rearing region and year of measuring, i.e. evaluating were analyzed in detail using the Least Squares Method (Harvey 1987). Average values of linear evaluations of investigated heads obtained by method of Least Squares were: body frame 7,85; muscularity 7,74; form 7,66; udder 7,62. The effect of region on linear evaluation was highly significant (P (lt) 0,01). Evaluation year also influenced highly significantly (P (lt) 0,01) obtained evaluation result for form, significantly (P (lt) 0,05) obtained evaluation result for body frame and muscularity, but no effect was established on evaluation result for udder.Da bi produktivni život krava usmerenih za proizvodnju mleka bio što duži i uspešniji posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti osobinama tipa i konstitucije. Nedostaci u osobinama tipa dovode do slabije proizvodnje, lošeg zdravstvenog stanja i preranog isključenja krava iz stada. Uključivanje linearne ocene tipa u oceni priplodne vrednosti krava doprinosi pouzdanosti ocene priplodne vrednosti što se pozitivno odražava na ukupne efekte selekcije i uspešnosti proizvodnje. Pri izboru krava u kategoriju bikovskih majki sva grla su eksterijerno izmerene i linearno ocenjene za okvir, muskuloznost, formu (izgled) i vime u skladu sa Pravilnikom o načinu ispitivanja svojstava priplodne stoke (Službeni glasnik RS br. 21 iz 1996.godine). Na ispitivane linearne ocene detaljno su ispitani uticaji odgajivačkog područja i godine merenja, korišćenjem Metoda najmanjih kvadrata (Harvey 1987 ). Prosečne vrednosti linearne ocene ispitivanih grla dobijene metodom najmanjih kvadrata su: okvir grla 7,85; muskuloznost 7,74; forma 7,66; vime 7,62. Uticaj regiona na linearne ocene bio je vrlo značajan (P (lt) 0,01). Godina ocenjivanja je visoko značajno uticala (P (lt) 0,01) na ocenu forme, značajno (P (lt) 0,05) na ocenu okvira i muskuloznosti, a na ocenu vimena nije imala značaj

Simentalska rasa goveda u različitim sistemima proizvodnje

The paper gives the analysis on the state in population of Simmental cattle reared in Europe with a special review on the state in Simmental cattle in our country which makes about 80 % total cattle fund in Serbia, and is characterized by a negative trend in the number of cattle, as well as by a low average milk production per cow. The most important results obtained by both domestic and foreign authors by means of various methods of improving Simmental breed and its raising in different systems have been shown. The directions for improving Simmental cattle according to the productive directions have been analyzed. Possible methods of improving the Simmental cattle in our country have been pointed out, which should be in accordance with already existing genetic potential of each actual population, its purpose (registered breeding stock, production breeding stock), as well as with the market needs for cow milk, milk products and meat (primarily beef meat, for export). A special emphasis has been given to the importance of organizing the production of meat in the cow-calf system in which Simmental breed, following the model of many European countries, should have good performance also in our country, if the same production should be organized in deserted hilly and mountainous regions. In this way we could contribute to more significant increase in overall beef production, and to reactivate unused natural resources as well.Analizirano je stanje u populaciji simentalskih goveda koja se gaje u Evropi, sa posebnim osvrtom na stanje simentalske rase kod nas, koja u poslednje dve decenije čini između 80 i 85 % ukupnog fonda goveda Srbije, a koju prati negativni trend brojnosti (veličini populacije), kao i niska prosečna proizvodnja mleka po kravi. Analizirani su pravci oplemenjivanja simentalskih goveda u skladu sa smerovima proizvodnje. Ukazano je na moguće metode oplemenjivanja simentalske rase kod nas, koje bi morale biti u skladu sa postojećim genetskim potencijalom svake konkretne populacije, njenom namenom (matični zapati, proizvodni zapati), kao i u skladu sa potrebama tržišta za kravljim mlekom i mlečnim proizvodima. Kao metod oplemenjivanja simentalske rase kombinovanog smera proizvodnje do sada je više primenjivan metod selekcije u čistoj rasi. Metod meliorativnog ukrštanja simentalske rase sa crvenim holštajnom je značajno manje u primeni i više ga sprovode odgajivači proizvodnih zapata goveda simentalske rase. Poseban akcenat je dat značaju organizovanja proizvodnje mesa u sistemu krava-tele, gde bi simentalska rasa po uzoru na mnoge evropske zemlje i kod nas dala dobre rezultate, ako bi se ista proizvodnja organizovala u napuštenim brdskim i planinskim područjima. Na ovaj način bi se moglo doprineti značajnijem povećanju ukupne proizvodnje junećeg mesa, kao i aktiviranju neiskorišćenih prirodnih resursa, što bi predstavljalo strateški interes države. U cilju povećanja ekonomičnosti u proizvodnji u sistemu krava-tele, neophodno je postizanje maksimalne plodnosti, iz kog razloga bi trebalo redovno primenjivati indukciju i sinhronizaciju estrusa. Sezonu telenja treba planirati u skladu sa konkretnim klimatskim prilikama na konkretnom području, a sve u cilju maksimalnog korišćenja perioda vegetacije (paše) od strane krava i teladi

Uticaj udela gena crvenog holštajna na reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine prvotelki simentalske rase

Certain reproductive and performance traits of first calving Simmental cows, as well as the demonstration of those traits depending on the participations of different proportions of Red Holstein-Friesian genes (HF), were investigated. The investigation included 176 first calving cows, divided according to percentage of HF genes, in 5 groups (0%, 12,5%, 25%, 37,5%, 50%). Statistical analysis of data was done by method of Least squares (LSMLMW, Harvey, 1989). The effect of age at first fertilization was highly significant variated between groups of first calving cows and the youngest was in the fifth group (the group with 50% of HF genes), which were fertilized at 520,8 days. The average age at first conception for alln examined groups was 536,7 days. Least squares results shown that different proportion of HF genes was not significant (P>0,05) body weight of calves. The least body weight of calves was in group of first calving cows with 50% HF genes. The duration of pregnancy was 283,3 days and between different groups were not significant (P>0,05). The biggest values of service period and lactation were in the fifth group. The average period of lactation was 321,32 days and the longest (348,5 days) were established in fifth group cows 50% IIF genes. The average milk yield was 4224,34 kg with 3,83% milk fat or 4116,6kg 4%FCM. Cows with 50% HF genes produced more milk compared to the cows in other groups. Established results have shown that with increasing proportion of HF genes service period between calving interval and duration of lactation were longer. Also, with increasing of proportion of HF genes the milk yield and yield milk fat were raised while percent of milk fat was lower.Ispitivane su reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine prvotelki i meleza dobijenih meliorativnim ukrštanjem simentalske i crveno-bele holštajn-frizijske rase. Ukupno je ispitivanjem bilo obuhvaćeno 176 prvotelki podeljenih u pet grupa-sekcija, razvrstanih prema udelu gena crvenog holštajna (HF-RED) u simentalskoj rasi. Analiza uticaja udela gena crvenog holštajna (0%, 12,5%, 25%, 37,5%, 50%) na posmatrane reproduktivne i proizvodne osobine obavljena je metodom najmanjih kvadrata (LSMLM.W, Harvey 1987). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju daje udeo gena crvenog holštajna imao značajnog uticaja (P lt 0,01) na sve ispitivane proizvodne osobine (trajanje laktacije, proizvodnju mleka i mlečne masti u celoj i standardnoj laktaciji, procenat masti u mleku i proizvodnju 4%MKM) kao i uzrast grla pri prvoj oplodnji i trajanje servis-perioda. Masa teladi pri rođenju i trajanje bremenitosti nisu značajno (P>0,05) zavisili od učešća HF-RED gena

Reproduktivne karakteristike bikovskih majki simentalske rase

Cattle reproduction is most significant production phase because in this phase heads of cattle for maintaining of the herd are provided, as well as for dairy production and fattening - production of meat. The effect of year and season of calving on age at first conception, duration of pregnancy duration of service period, interval between calving, etc. is investigated in the paper. Bull dams of Simmental breed selected on farms of individual agricultural producers were investigated. The method of Least Squares LSMLMW(Harvey 1987) was used for analysis of the effect of year and season of calving on reproductive traits. Year of calving had significant effect on duration of service period and interval between calving (p (lt) 0.05), while season influenced significantly only the duration of service period (p (lt) 0.05). Mean values of the general average were following: for age at first conception - 517.61 days; duration of pregnancy 285.51 days; duration of service period 108.98 days; duration of interval between calving 395.34 days.Ispoljenost reproduktivnih osobina bikovskih majki simentalske rase bila je na zadovoljavajućem nivou. U daljem odgajivačko-selekcijskom radu treba nastojati da se omogući dobijanje jednog teleta godišnje. Opšti prosek sredine najmanjih kvadrata osobina plodnosti iznosio je za uzrast pri prvoj oplodnji 517.61 dana,trajanje bremenitosti 285.51 dana, trajanje servis perioda 108.98 dana, dužina međutelidbenog intervala 395.34 dana. Godina telenja statistički je značajno uticala na trajanje servis perioda i dužinu međutelidbenog intervala (P (lt) 0,05), za razliku od uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji i trajanje bremenitosti na koje nije imala značajan uticaj (P>0,05). Sezona telenja imala je signifikantan uticaj samo na trajanje servis perioda (P (lt) 0,05), dok na ostale ispitivane parametre plodnosti nije imala značajnijeg uticaja (P>0,05)

Procena dobrobiti krava na osnovu sistema ponašanja

The aim of this paper was to determine the level of cows behavioral welfare protection on farms with different rearing systems. Research of cows behavioral welfare protection was carried out on 5 farms (farms A, B, C, D, E) of various capacities with a total of 192 animals. The smallest farm was with 18 (farm B), and the biggest with 80 cows (farm A). On farm C were 22, D 27 and farm E 35 cows. Two farms (farms A and C) represented the free system of rearing inside open stables, while the three farms (farms B, D and E) have tied system of cows rearing in enclosed stables. The two farms have outlets (farms A and D), from which outlet on farm A is always available to animals, while the outlet on farm D is used only during the day. Cows were 3 to 5 years old with an average lactation between 4000 and 5000 liters/year. To assess behavior, rating scales from 0 to 5 (0 - unsatisfactory, there are no resources to improve, 1 - unsatisfactory, there are resources to improve, 2 - sufficient, 3 - good, 4 - very good, 5 - excellent) were used. The appraisal is comprised of nine complex behavioral systems such as: reactivity, ingestion, explorative behavior, movement, social behavior, body hygiene, territoriality, reproduction, and rest and sleep of animals. On farms with free rearing system of behavioral care benefit was evaluated as 'good' (Farm A 3.44, farm B 3.22). Insufficient protection of behavioral welfare was found on farms associated with the breeding system without outlet (farm B 1.56 and farm E 1.44). Cow's behavioral welfare of farm D with tied system of rearing and use of outlet was rated as scale score 'good' on the average.Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje nivoa zaštite bihejvioralne dobrobiti na farmama krava sa različitim sistemom gajenja. Istraživanje zaštite bihejvioralne dobrobiti izvršeno je na 5 farmi (farme A, B, C, D, E) različitog kapaciteta sa ukupno 192 grla. U najmanjoj farmi bilo je 18 (farma B), a u najvećoj 80 krava (farma A). Na farmi C bilo je 22, farmi D 27 i farmi E 35 krava. Na dve farme (farme A i C) zastupljen je slobodan sistem držanja u otvorenim stajama, dok se na tri farme krave drže vezano u zatvorenim stajama. Na dve farme postoje ispusti (farme A i D), na jednoj farmi je stalno dostupan (farma A), dok se na drugoj koristi samo preko dana (farma D). Farme B, D i E imaju vezani način držanja krava i zatvoreni tip staje. Na farmi D se krave drže vezane, ali su preko dana u ispustu. Krave su stare između 3 i 5 godina, sa prosečnom laktacijom između 4000 i 5000 litara mleka. Za procenu bihejvioralnih sistema ponašanja korišćene su skale ocena od 0 do 5 (5 - odličan, 4 - vrlo dobar, 3 - dobar, 2 - dovoljan, 1 - nedovoljan ima resursa za poboljšanje, 0 nedovoljan nema resursa za poboljšanje). Procena je obuhvatila devet složenih bihejvioralnih sistema, i to: reaktivnost, ingestiju, eksplorativno ponašanje, kretanje, socijalno ponašanje, higijena tela, teritorijalnost, reprodukciju i bihejvioralni sistem odmora i sna životinja. Na farmama sa slobodnim sistemom gajenja zaštita bihejvioralne dobrobiti ocenjena je kao dobra (farma A 3,44, farma B 3,22). Nedovoljna zaštita bihejvioralne dobrobiti utvrđena je na farmama sa vezanim sistemom gajenja bez ispusta (farma B 1,56 i farma E 1,44). Skalom ocena dobar na donjoj granici ocenjena je bihejvioralna dobrobit na farmi D sa vezanim sistemom gajenja i ispustom

Uticaj odgajivačkog područja na pojedine parametre plodnosti krava simentalske rase

Field of cattle reproduction is the most important production stage because it is in this stage that heads of cattle for renewal of herd are provided, also for production of milk and fattening, i.e. production of meat. In this study, the effect of breeding region on variability of age at calving and duration of service period in 3.641 first calving Simmental cows under control, reared on private farms on the territory of Republic of Serbia was investigated. In the analysis of collected data the method of Least Squares was used LSMLMW (Harvey 1990) according to following formula: Ykm = μ + Rk + ekm. Regions had highly significant effect (P (lt) 0,01) on age at first calving and duration of service period. Through application of method of Least Squares average service period of 115,19 days and age at first calving of 795,53 days were established.Oblast reprodukcije goveda je najznačajnija faza proizvodnje jer se u toj fazi obezbeđuju grla za remont stada, proizvodnju mleka i tov, odnosno proizvodnju mesa. Regioni su visoko signifikantno uticali (P (lt) 0,01) na uzrast pri prvom telenju i na dužinu servis perioda, a dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na opravdanost korekcije sistematskih uticaja okoline, radi tačnije ocene oplemenjivačke vrednosti bikova. Primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata ustanovljen je prosečan servis period od 115,19 dana i uzrast pri prvom telenju od 795,53 dana. Ukoliko dođe do ozbiljnijih problema u reprodukciji, pored neposrednih posledica na proizvodnju mleka i mlečne masti nastaju i poteškoće u normalnoj realizaciji remonta stada, što se itekako odražava na ekonomičnost proizvodnje