Air particulate matter SRM 1648a primes macrophages to hyperinflammatory response after LPS stimulation

Objective Exposure to air particulate matter (PM) is associated with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Macrophages are responsible for the regulation of chronic inflammation. However, whether PM affects macrophage polarization remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether nontoxic concentrations of urban PM are able to prime macrophages to altered inflammatory response upon LPS challenge. Methods We used two forms of the urban particulate matter SRM 1648a, intact PM and PM deprived of organic compounds (PM$\Delta$C). Peritoneal murine macrophages were exposed to different concentrations of PM for 24 h and then challenged with LPS. Production of inflammatory mediators by macrophages was measured to test immunostimulatory/priming capacity of PM. Results Particulate matter used at non-cytotoxic concentrations induced a dose-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines ($TNF-\alpha$, IL-6, IL-12p40). By contrast, PM$\Delta$ C were not able to stimulate macrophages. However, macrophages primed with both forms of PM show proinflammatory response upon LPS challenge. Conclusions Our data indicate that exposure of macrophages to low concentrations of PM may prime the cells to hyperinflammatory response upon contact with LPS. Further studies are necessary to explain whether the exposure of patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases to particulate matter is responsible for the exacerbation of clinical symptoms during bacterial infections

Distinct effects of Lactobacillus plantarum KL30B and Escherichia coli 3A1 on the induction and development of acute and chronic inflammation

OBJECTIVE: Enteric bacteria are involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. In experimental colitis, a breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier results in inflow of various gut bacteria, induction of acute inflammation and finally, progression to chronic colitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study we compared pro-inflammatory properties of two bacterial strains isolated from human microbiome, Escherichia coli 3A1 and Lactobacillus plantarum KL30B. The study was performed using two experimental models of acute inflammation: peritonitis in mice and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. RESULTS: Both bacterial strains induced massive neutrophil infiltration upon injection into sterile peritoneal cavity. However, peritoneal exudate cells stimulated in vitro with E. coli 3A1, produced far more nitric oxide, than those stimulated with L. plantarum KL30B. Interestingly, distinct effect on the development of TNBS-induced colitis was observed after oral administration of the tested bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum KL30B evoked strong acute colitis. On the contrary, the administration of E. coli 3A1 resulted in a progression of colitis to chronicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that distinct effects of bacterial administration on the development of ongoing inflammation is strain specific and depends on the final effect of cross-talk between bacteria and cells of the innate immune system

State Treasury’s acquisitive prescription of real property as a result of imperially acquired possession in the light of the Supreme Court's judicial decisions

Niniejsza praca magisterska porusza problematykę dopuszczalności powołania się przez Skarb Państwa na instytucję zasiedzenia w sytuacji, kiedy podstawa prawna przejęcia własności takiej nieruchomości została uznana za nieistniejącą lub nieważną.Wraz z transformacją ustrojową w 1989 r. powstał szczególny w swej istocie problem zakwalifikowania skutków władania przez Skarb Państwa mieniem przejętym bez podstawy prawnej lub na podstawie wadliwych decyzji administracyjnych. W istocie problem dotyczy dopuszczalności traktowania jako posiadania samoistnego – w reżimie prawnym zasiedzenia – uzyskanego w trybie aktów władzy publicznej (imperium) władania nieruchomościami przez Skarb Państwa.Głównym celem pracy jest systematyczna analiza orzeczeń Sądu Najwyższego oraz analiza poglądów doktryny w powyższym temacie. Celem autora jest zbiorcze przedstawienie motywów Sądów, obserwacja ich oraz co najważniejsze wyciągniecie wniosków z szczególnym uwzględnieniem specyfiki poprzedniego ustroju. W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję nadużycia prawa podmiotowego, konstrukcję rozróżnienia władztwa właścicielskiego oraz publicznego, a także koncepcje opowiadające się za zastosowaniem zawieszenia biegu zasiedzenia ze względu na siłę wyższą.The thesis deals with the issue of State Treasury using acquisitive prescription in relation to real property acquired on the legal basis which have subsequently been found unexsisting or invalid (i.e. admissibility of acquisitive prescription in such situations).Together with 1989’s political transformation, a specific legal issue arose, concerning the consequences of State Treasury’s possession either without any legal basis or on the basis of invalid administrative decisions. The question is whether such possession – acquired in the process of public authority act issuance (so called imperium area of the State’s activity) – may be deemed as owner-like possession for the purpose of acquisitive prescription.The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the judgments of the Supreme Court as well as the doctrine of law in the subject matter. The author intends to present the motives of the Court while also formulating conclusions taking into account the previous political system. The thesis presents the abuse of right doctrine, concepts of owner-like and public possession distinction, as well as those proposing suspension of the limitation period due to force majeure

The effect of inhaled air particulate matter SRM 1648a on the development of mild collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/J mice

Air pollution is considered to be one of a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is commonly used as a mouse model of human RA. However, the impact of specific particulate matter (PM) components on the incidence and severity of RA has still not been established. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental model of CIA suitable to test arthritogenicity of inhaled PM. A mild form of CIA was induced in DBA1/J mice inhaled with various components of SRM 1648a PM. The incidence and severity of arthritis was assessed, and the selected serum markers of autoimmunity and inflammation were determined. Clinical arthritis was observed from the booster CII immunisation onward. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, a diagnostic marker of RA, were detected in serum of these mice. All inhaled pollutants, crude PM, PM with reduced organic content, ferric, and silica nanoparticles markedly increased CIA incidence and severity. The fastest progression of CIA development was caused by crude PM and was linked to enhanced serum levels of anti-CII IgG, the prominent arthritogenic autoantibodies. On the other hand, inhaled nanoparticles enhanced serum levels of TNFα, a major proinflammatory arthritogenic cytokine. We recommend this experimental model of mild CIA to test the mechanisms of arthritis exacerbation by inhaled air pollutants. Further studies are necessary to determine whether PM-aggravated arthritis is caused by inflammatory mediators translocated from inflamed lung into systemic circulation or whether PM translocated into the bloodstream directly exacerbate joint inflammation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00005-022-00654-9

Staphylococcus epidermidis and biofilm-associated neutrophils in chronic rhinosinusitis. A pilot study

A key role of bacterial biofilm in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is commonly accepted. However, the impact of some bacterial species isolated from inflamed sinus mucosa on biofilm formation is unclear. In particular, the role of Staphylococcus epidermidis as aetiological agents of CRS is controversial. Moreover, the effect of biofilm formation on neutrophil infiltration and activity in CRSwNP calls for explanation. In this study, biofilms were found in three of 10 patients (mean age = 46 ± 14) with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery by means of scanning electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, S. epidermidis was the primary isolated bacteria and was also found to be present in all biofilm‐positive mucosa specimens, indicating its pivotal role in the pathogenesis of severe chronic infections associated with biofilm formation. We have also measured the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), the most abundant neutrophil enzyme, to demonstrate the presence of neutrophils in the samples tested. Our present results show that the level of MPO in CRS associated with biofilm is lower than that without biofilm. It may suggest either a low number of neutrophils or the presence of a type of neutrophils with compromised antimicrobial activity, described as biofilm‐associated neutrophils (BAN). Finally, we conclude that further studies with a large number of CRS cases should be performed to establish the association between S. epidermidis and other frequently isolated bacterial species from paranasal sinuses, with the severity of CRS, biofilm formation and the infiltration of BAN