81 research outputs found
GLISTER: Generalization based Data Subset Selection for Efficient and Robust Learning
Large scale machine learning and deep models are extremely data-hungry.
Unfortunately, obtaining large amounts of labeled data is expensive, and
training state-of-the-art models (with hyperparameter tuning) requires
significant computing resources and time. Secondly, real-world data is noisy
and imbalanced. As a result, several recent papers try to make the training
process more efficient and robust. However, most existing work either focuses
on robustness or efficiency, but not both. In this work, we introduce Glister,
a GeneraLIzation based data Subset selecTion for Efficient and Robust learning
framework. We formulate Glister as a mixed discrete-continuous bi-level
optimization problem to select a subset of the training data, which maximizes
the log-likelihood on a held-out validation set. Next, we propose an iterative
online algorithm Glister-Online, which performs data selection iteratively
along with the parameter updates and can be applied to any loss-based learning
algorithm. We then show that for a rich class of loss functions including
cross-entropy, hinge-loss, squared-loss, and logistic-loss, the inner discrete
data selection is an instance of (weakly) submodular optimization, and we
analyze conditions for which Glister-Online reduces the validation loss and
converges. Finally, we propose Glister-Active, an extension to batch active
learning, and we empirically demonstrate the performance of Glister on a wide
range of tasks including, (a) data selection to reduce training time, (b)
robust learning under label noise and imbalance settings, and (c) batch-active
learning with several deep and shallow models. We show that our framework
improves upon state of the art both in efficiency and accuracy (in cases (a)
and (c)) and is more efficient compared to other state-of-the-art robust
learning algorithms in case (b)
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and three dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in complete evaluation of Ebstein anomaly
Acute electrocardiographic changes during smoking: An observational study
Objective To study the temporal relationship of smoking with electrophysiological changes. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary cardiac center. Participants Male smokers with atypical chest pain were screened with a treadmill exercise test (TMT). A total of 31 such patients aged 49.8±10.5 years, in whom TMT was either negative or mildly positive were included. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of smokers were compared to those of 15 healthy non-smoking participants. Interventions All patients underwent a 24 h Holter monitoring to assess ECG changes during smoking periods. Results Heart rate increased acutely during smoking. Mean heart rate increased from 83.8±13.7 bpm 10 min before smoking, to 90.5±16.4 bpm during smoking, (p
<0.0001) and returned to baseline after 30 min. Smoking was also associated with increased ectopic beats (mean of 5.3/h prior to smoking to 9.8/h during smoking to 11.3/h during the hour after smoking; p
<0.001). Three patients (9.7%) had significant ST–T changes after smoking. HRV index significantly decreased in smokers (15.2±5.3) as compared to non-smoking controls participants (19.4±3.6; p=0.02), but the other spectral HRV parameters were comparable. Conclusions Heart rate and ectopic beats increase acutely following smoking. Ischaemic ST–T changes were also detected during smoking. Spectral parameters of HRV analysis of smokers remained in normal limits, but more importantly geometrical parameter—HRV index—showed significant abnormality
Efficacy of once-weekly Isoniazid-Streptomycin in preventing relapse of pulmonary tuberculosis
Two controlled studies were undertaken to assess the efficacy of streptomycin 1 g. or
0.75 g. (by random allocation) plus isoniazid 15 mg./kg. body-weight once-weekly (the
SHOW regimen) in the prevention of bacteriological relapse over a 4 year period, in
patients with quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis at the end of one year of chemotherapy.
In the first study which involved patients with residual cavitation at one year, bacteriological
relapse requiring treatment occurred in 3 per cent of 87 patients given the
SHOW regimen for 12 months as compared with 21 per cent of 94 patients on a
placebo, a high proportion of the relapses in the latter occurred in the 2nd year and
with sensitive organisms. In the second study on patients with no residual cavitation
at one year, relapse requiring treatment occurred in 2 per cent of 98 patients given
the SHOW regimen for 6 months as compared with 1 per cent of 90 patients given
isoniazid approximately 4.5 mg./kg. daily for 12 months
Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in apparently healthy schoolchildren in India: a multi-center study
Background:
Hypertension in children is often under recognized, especially in developing countries. Data from rural areas of developing countries is particularly lacking.
Objectives:
To study prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in apparently health school children from predominantly rural populations of India.
Methods:
Apparently healthy schoolchildren (n = 14,957) aged 5–15 years (mean (standard deviation) age 10.8 (2.8) years; 55.5% boys) at four predominantly rural sites in separate states of India were studied. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded by trained staff in addition to age, gender, height, weight, type of school and season. Waist circumference was also recorded in 12,068 children. Geographic location and type of school (government, government-aided or private) were used to determine socio-economic status.
Results:
Systolic and/or diastolic hypertension was present in 3443 (23%) children. Systolic hypertension was present in 13.6%, diastolic hypertension in 15.3% and both in 5.9%. Isolated systolic hypertension was present in 7.7% while isolated diastolic hypertension was present in 9.4%.
On univariate analysis, age, gender, geographical location, socio-economic status, season and anthropometric parameters (z-scores of height, weight and waist circumference, waist/height ratio and body mass index) were all significantly related to risk of hypertension (p < 0.0001 for each). Similar association was observed with weight group (normal, overweight and obese). Multiple regression analysis showed lower age, female gender, richer socio-economic status, certain geographical locations, higher weight and larger waist circumference to be independently associated with a greater risk of hypertension.
Conclusion:
There is a high prevalence of hypertension in apparently healthy schoolchildren even in predominantly rural areas of India. Screening and management programs targeted to high risk groups identified may prove cost-effective
Vascular plugs – A key companion to Interventionists – ‘Just Plug it’
Vascular plugs are ideally suited to close extra-cardiac, high flowing vascular communications. The family of vascular plugs has expanded. Vascular plugs in general have a lower profile and the newer variants can be delivered even through a diagnostic catheter. These features make them versatile and easy to use. The Amplatzer vascular plugs are also used for closing intracardiac defects including coronary arterio-venous fistula and paravalvular leakage in an off-label fashion. In this review, the features of currently available vascular plugs are reviewed along with tips and tricks of using them in the cardiac catheterization laboratory
Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Cardiology developed in India in the 1950's and 1960's with the setting up of the Departments of Cardiology in Vellore, in AIIMS, and in many other colleges all over India. History teaches us many lessons and meeting some of the stalwarts who made this history inspires us to greater heights. In February 2016, AIIMS organized an alumni event in which many of the old faculty and students got together. We bring together some photographs and videos. We also invite everyone to send more photographs and thoughts to the journal for further compilation
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