Comprehensive Land Use Planning: Its Development and Potential Impact on Coastal Zone Management

Presently, the United States is in the midst of a revolution concerning the management and use regulation of its land resources. This peaceful revolution is occurring as a consequence of local government\u27s inability to properly enforce land use controls and to adequately cope with rapid land development. However, this paper in discussing land use controls comments only on those comprehensive efforts directly affecting the coastal zone or indirectly affecting it through all-inclusive land manage regulations. This narrow discussion should not indicate to the reader that specific land use proposals have not been introduce for impact on other physiographic regions

Dysregulation of the norepinephrine transporter sustains cortical hypodopaminergia and schizophrenia-like behaviors in neuronal rictor null mice

Abstract The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2) is a multimeric signaling unit that phosphorylates protein kinase B/Akt following hormonal and growth factor stimulation. Defective Akt phosphorylation at the mTORC2-catalyzed Ser473 site has been linked to schizophrenia. While human imaging and animal studies implicate a fundamental role for Akt signaling in prefrontal dopaminergic networks, the molecular mechanisms linking Akt phosphorylation to specific schizophrenia-related neurotransmission abnormalities have not yet been described. Importantly, current understanding of schizophrenia suggests that cortical decreases in DA neurotransmission and content, defined here as cortical hypodopaminergia, contribute to both the cognitive deficits and the negative symptoms characteristic of this disorder. We sought to identify a mechanism linking aberrant Akt signaling to these hallmarks of schizophrenia. We used conditional gene targeting in mice to eliminate the mTORC2 regulatory protein rictor in neurons, leading to impairments in neuronal Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. Rictor-null (KO) mice exhibit prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits, a schizophrenia-associated behavior. In addition, they show reduced prefrontal dopamine (DA) content, elevated cortical norepinephrine (NE), unaltered cortical serotonin (5-HT), and enhanced expression of the NE transporter (NET). In the cortex, NET takes up both extracellular NE and DA. Thus, we propose that amplified NET function in rictor KO mice enhances accumulation of both NE and DA within the noradrenergic neuron. This phenomenon leads to conversion of DA to NE and ultimately supports both increased NE tissue content as well as a decrease in DA. In support of this hypothesis, NET blockade in rictor KO mice reversed cortical deficits in DA content and PPI, suggesting that dysregulation of DA homeostasis is driven by alteration in NET expression, which we show is ultimately influenced by Akt phosphorylation status. These data illuminate a molecular link, Akt regulation of NET, between the recognized association of Akt signaling deficits in schizophrenia with a specific mechanism for cortical hypodopaminergia and hypofunction. Additionally, our findings identify Akt as a novel modulator of monoamine homeostasis in the cortex

The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Fil: McCrae, Robert R.. National Institute on Ageing; CanadáFil: Terracciano, Antonio. National Institute on Ageing; CanadáFil: De Fruyt, Filip. University of Ghent; BélgicaFil: De Bolle, Marleen. University of Ghent; BélgicaFil: Gelfand, Michele J.. University of Maryland; Estados UnidosFil: Costa Jr., Paul T.. National Institute on Ageing; CanadáFil: Klinkosz, Waldemar. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; PoloniaFil: Knežević, Goran. Belgrade University; SerbiaFil: Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Löckenhoff, Corinna E.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Martin, Thomas A.. Susquehanna University; Estados UnidosFil: Marušić, Iris. Institute for Social Research; CroaciaFil: Mastor, Khairul Anwar. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; MalasiaFil: Nakazato, Katsuharu. Iwate Prefectural University; AfganistánFil: Nansubuga, Florence. Makerere University; UgandaFil: Porrata, Jose. No especifíca;Fil: Purić, Danka. Belgrade University; SerbiaFil: Realo, aAnu. University of Tartu; EstoniaFil: Reátegui, Norma. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; PerúFil: Rolland, Jean Pierre. Universite Paris Ouest Nanterre la Defense; FranciaFil: Schmidt, Vanina Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sekowski, Andrzej. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; PoloniaFil: Shakespeare Finch, Jane. Queensland University of Technology; AustraliaFil: Shimonaka, Yoshiko. Bunkyo Gakuin University; JapónFil: Simonetti, Franco. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Siuta, Jerzy. Jagiellonian University;Fil: Szmigielska, Barbara. Jagiellonian University;Fil: Vanno, Vitanya. Srinakharinwirot University; TailandiaFil: Wang, Lei. Peking University; ChinaFil: Yik, Michelle. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kon

Dysregulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter Sustains Cortical Hypodopaminergia and Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Neuronal Rictor Null Mice

A novel animal model highlights the link between Akt dysfunction, reduced cortical dopamine function, norepinephrine transporters, and schizophrenia-like behaviors

Effect of fertilization with straw and stubble inter-crop biomass on yielding of cereal and selected soil fertility indices

W pracy wykorzystano wyniki trzech doświadczeń, dwa zlokalizowano na glebie kompleksu żytniego bardzo dobrego, trzecie na glebie kompleksu pszennego dobrego. Pierwsze doświadczenie przeprowadzono w 1972-1990 г., w zmianowaniu: jęczmień jary - pszenica ozima - jęczmień jary - żyto, nawożenie słomą (5 t·ha⁻¹) i międzyplonem ścierniskowym (gorczyca biała lub rzodkiew oleista) stosowano pod jęczmień jary uprawiany co drugi rok. Drugie doświadczenie przeprowadzono w latach 1987-1997 г., w zmianowaniu: rzepak ozimy - pszenica ozima - jęczmień jary, słomę (5 t·ha⁻¹) przyorywano jeden raz, dwa razy i trzy razy w 3-letniej rotacji. Trzecie doświadczenie realizowano w latach 1987-1990 г., w monokulturze pszenicy ozimej słomę stosowano co roku (3 i 6 t·ha⁻¹). Nawożenie zwiększało w ornej warstwie gleby zawartość materii organicznej i przyswajalnego potasu. Odczyn gleby i zawartość magnezu przyswajalnego nie uległy zmianom, natomiast zawartość fosforu nieznacznie zmniejszyła się. Wpływ międzyplonu na zawartość materii organicznej był mniejszy niż słomy. Nawożenie słomą powodowało wzrost plonu jęczmienia jarego lub pszenicy ozimej o 3-6%. Natomiast słoma i międzyplon stosowane łącznie pod jęczmień jary zwiększyły jego plon o 10%.Paper presents the results of three experiments, conducted on two soil complexes: very good rye complex and good wheat complex. The first experiment (1972-1990) was run at the crop rotation: spring barley - winter wheat + catch crop - spring barley - rye + catch crop. The biomass of catch crops (mustard or radish) and cereal straw (5 t·ha⁻¹ ) were ploughed in every second year, before spring barley cultivation. In the second experiment (1987-1997) the straw (5 t·ha⁻¹ ) was incorporated into soil once, twice or three times in 3-year cycle of crop rotation: winter rape - winter wheat - spring barley. In the third experiment (1987-1990) the straw (3 and 6 t·ha⁻¹) was ploughed in every year at the monoculture of winter wheat. Straw fertilization increased the content of soil organic matter and available potassium but slight by decrease phosphorus content; the soil acidity and magnesium content did not change. The effect of catch crops on the increase of soil organic content was lesser than that of straw. Straw fertilization increased of the yield of spring barley or winter wheat by 3-6%. Combined fertilization with straw and catch crop biomass increased the yield of spring barley by about 10%

Formation of selected chemical properties of soil in crop rotations with different share of cereals

Соответствующие исследования проводились во II-ой и III-ей ротации опытов заложенных в период 1970-1972 гг. на почвах хорошего пшеничного комплекса, очень хорошего н хорошего ржаного комплекса i слабого ржаного комплекса в севооборотах: А - 50% зерновых + пропашных + 25% кормовых культур, Б - 75% зерновых + 25% пропашных культур В - 75% зерновых + 25% кормовых культур, Г - 100% зерновых, при двух уровнях минерального удобрения ( NPK): 200 и 300 кг/га/год. Основные химические свойства почвы в пахотном слое определяли после уборки зерновых заканчивающих ротацию севооборота. Содержание в почве питательных элементов анализировали на фоне балансной разницы удобрения. В севообороте А усваивание кормовых веществ было самым высоким, а в севообороте Г - самым низким. В связи с этим аккумуляционный уровень почв севооборота Г (100% зерновых) содержал наибольше фосфора и калия. Севообороты и минеральное удобрение не дифференцировали реакцию почвы, сорбционные свойства содержание гумуса и усвояемого магния.The respective investigations were carried out in the 2nd and 3rd rotation of experiments established in 1970-1971 on soils of a good wheatland, very good and good ryeland and weak ryeland complexes in the following crop rotations: A - 50% of cereals, 25% of root crops and 25% of fodder crops, В - 75% od cereals, 25% of root crops, С - 75% of cereals and 25% of fodder crops, D - 100% of cereals, at two mineral fertilization (NPK) levels - 200 and 300 kg/ha/year. The basic chemical properties of soil in the arable layer were determined after the harvest of cereals finishing the crop rotation. The content of nutrients in soil was analyzed against the background of balance difference of fertilization. In the A crop rotation the uptake of nutrients was the highest and in the D crop rotation the lowest. In this connection the accumulation horizon of soils in the D crop rotation (100% of cereals) the highest amounts of potassium and phosphorus were contained. Neither crop rotations nor the mineral fertilization differentiated the soil reaction, sorption properties, the humus and available magnesium content

Formation of some physical and chemical properties of loose sands stabilized with bentonite clay and ground soil and the effect of this measure on crop yields

Опыт был проведен в 1973 г. на почве образованной из рыхлого песка, химические свойства которого пытались изменить путём применения бентонитного ила и измельченной почвы. Прибавление измельченной почвы позволило увеличить содержание илистых частиц в исходной почве на 0%; 1,5%; 3,0%; 4,5%; и 9,0%. Установлено, что за 10 лет, приданный почве механический состав и водный режим не изменились. Увеличенное содержание илистых частиц и улучшение водного режима создало благоприятные условия для накопления органического вещества в почве. Содержание гумуса в варианте с самым большим добавлением измельченной почвы по отношению к контрольному варианту увеличилось с 0,48% до 0,74%. К концу опыта физические и химические свойства почвы (особенно без бентонитного ила) были менее благоприятными, чем непосредственно после закладки опыта. Урожаи растений в зависимости от прибавки измельченной почвы были в среднем на 5,5 до 20,9% выше.The experiment was established in 1973 on the soil developed from loose sand in which by application of bentonite clay and ground soil the change of chemical properties was expected. Addition of ground soil enabled to increase the share of clay fraction by 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 and 9,0 per cent. It was found that after 10 years the mechanical and hydrological soil properties were changed. Increased share of clay fraction and improved hydrological properties created favourable conditions for storage of organic matter in the soil. Humus content in the treatment with the highest rate of ground soil in relation to control increased from 0,48 to 0,74 per cent. In the final period, physical and chemical soil properties (particularly without bentonite clay) were less favourable than directly after establishment of the experiment. The yields of plants increased from 5,5% to 20,9% depending on addition of ground soil