Performance of a pilot-scale biofilters and constructed wetland with ornamental plants in greywater treatment

Partially treated black water from septic tanks and grey water from households in Kuching City were polluting the Sarawak River. A pilot scale ecological sanitation was implemented where blackwater was held in septic tanks and greywater was channeled to a grease trap, biofilters and a constructed wetland before discharge. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of the biofilters and the constructed wetland with two species of terrestrial ornamental plants in greywater treatment. For the combined system, results indicated that the influent dissolved oxygen of below 1 mg/L improved to 3.4-4.6 mg/L. Removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were the highest (99 and 95%). 5 Influent fecal coliform (FC) of 4.0x105 CFU/100mL dropped to 6.3x102 CFU/100mL at the effluent. More than 80% of ammonia-nitrogen (NH -N), total nitrogen (TN) and total suspended solids (TSS) were removed. Reactive 4 phosphorus (RP) and total phosphorus (TP) removals were 64 and 61% respectively. The biofilters contributed most of the total removal of BOD , COD, FC and NH -N. However, the wetland and biofillters were equally 5 4 efficient in TSS removal. The removal efficiency of the wetland in decreasing order was NO -N>FC> 3 TSS>BOD >TN>COD>NH -N>RP>TP and all removals exceeded 55% with the exception of P (38-39%). Both 5 4 species of plants grown on the wetland contained significantly higher weight and P content than the control. Tissue P content of F. microcarpa was significantly higher than S. campanulatum indicating F. microcarpa as a better accumulator of P. This indicates that constructed wetland with F. microcarpa could be potentially implemented in urban housing areas to reduce river pollution

Experience of hormone replacement therapy among women of Sarawak, Malaysia

Objectives To determine the usage of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and knowledge about HRT among women of Sarawak in Malaysia. Methods A prospective study using a face-to-face interview was conducted on 356 randomly selected Sarawakian women aged between 40 and 65 years. Results The mean age of respondents was 50.83+6.30 years and the mean age of menopause was 51.28+2.28 years. Twenty-three percent of women were premenopausal, 39.6% perimenopausal and 37.4% postmenopausal. Only 36% of the respondents were aware of the existence of HRT; this is especially among those who were younger women, better educated and working. The main sources of information on HRT were friends and relatives (92.2%), newspapers/magazines (89.1%) and television/radio (64.1%). HRT usage among respondents was low (8.1%), mainly for relief of menopausal symptoms such as night sweats (100%), mood swings (93.1%), irritability (93.1%), and hot flushes (86.2%); only 24.1% used it for the prevention of osteoporosis. All women on HRT had taken HRT for less than 3 years. The main reason given for not being on HRT was that it was not recommended by their doctors (56.6%); only 8.3% worried about the side-effects and 4.3% were on other forms of treatment. Conclusions The use of and knowledge about HRT among women of Sarawak were found to be low in our study. The main sources of information about HRT are from friends/relatives and the mass media. Health-care providers should play an important role in promoting, counseling and health education regarding HRT needs to rectify these problems