Analisis semantik leksikal dalam novel Sangkar karya Samsiah Mohd. Nor = (Lexical Semantics Analysis in Sangkar Novel by Samsiah Mohd. Nor)

Novel is one of the mediums of non-verbal communication that the author wishes to convey to the reader. Through the reading of this novel, the reader can experience a wide range of emotions. Whether it's sad, happy, excited and so on. Therefore, this study will explore the meaning behind the novel entitled "Sangkar" by Samsiah Mohd. Nor. The novel was published in 2010 through the publication of Alaf 21 Sdn. Bhd. There are 248 pages and 26 chapters for this novel. This study is a qualitative study consisting of annotated text analysis as well as a simple quantitative approach to finding lexical frequency and complexity in this Sangkar novel. To analyze this novel the researcher will apply a lexical semantic approach. Through this lexical semantic approach it is possible to classify lexical types into synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, polysemic, homonyms, homophones, homographs, metonyms and meronyms. Based on the findings of this study, the frequency and percentage of total lexical semantics recorded a frequency value of 1019 (100%) lexical only. However, through the novel there was only partial lexical semantics comprising; antonyms–442 (43.37%), synonyms–218 (21.39%), meronyms–185 (18.15%) and hyponyms–174 (17.07%). It can be concluded that through this lexical semantic approach it is possible to classify different lexical groups into the same group of meanings. Abstrak Novel merupakan salah satu medium komunikasi bukan lisan yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis kepada pembaca. Melalui pembacaan novel, pembaca dapat merasai emosi yang pelbagai. Sama ada sedih, gembira, teruja dan sebagainya. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan meneroka makna di sebalik novel yang bertajuk “Sangkar” oleh Samsiah Mohd. Nor. Novel ini diterbitkan pada tahun 2010 melalui penerbitan Alaf 21 Sdn. Bhd. Terdapat 248 muka surat dan 26 bab bagi novel ini. Kajian ini adalah berbentuk kualitatif iaitu analisis teks yang telah dibukukan serta pendekatan kuantitatif mudah untuk mendapatkan kekerapan dan peratusan leksikal dalam novel Sangkar ini. Bagi menganalisis novel ini pengkaji, akan mengaplikasikan pendekatan semantik leksikal. Melalui pendekatan semantik leksikal ini, pengkaji dapat mengelaskan jenis leksikal kepada sinonim, antonim, hiponim, polisim, homonim, homofon, homograf, metonim dan meronim. Melalui dapatan kajian ini, jumlah kekerapan dan peratusan bagi keseluruhan semantik leksikal ini mencatat nilai kekerapan sebanyak 1019 (100%) leksikal sahaja. Namun begitu, melalui novel ini, hanya terdapat pecahan semantik leksikal yang terdiri daripada antonim–442 (43.37%), sinonim–218 (21.39%), meronim–185 (18.15%) dan hiponim–174 (17.07%). Dapat dirumuskan bahawa, melalui pendekatan semantik leksikal ini, membolehkan pelbagai golongan leksikal yang berbeza dikelaskan dalam golongan makna yang sama

Phylogeny study of social vespid wasps inferred from Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) locus

Social wasps (Vespidae) display a wide range of diversity in their ecology and social organisation, providing insights into the origins of simple societies and the elaboration and maintenance of complex societies. Social wasps play an important role in our ecosystems and economies, for example, through their pollination and pest control services. Compared with other social insects (e.g. ants, termites and bees), the social wasps are understudied. The social subfamilies within the Vespidae namely Stenogastrinae, Polistinae and Vespinae occurred together only in the oriental region. Cladistic analysis of behavioral data showed that Stenogastrinae have been grouped together with the social Polistinae and Vespinae in the family of Vespidae. However, it has been reported that Stenogastrinae are more closely related to the solitary wasps; Eumeninae than to the other social subfamilies, based on their morphological characters. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the subfamily in the social vespid wasps (Stenogastrinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae) based on CO1 mitochondrial DNA. Construction of phylogenetic tree shows a monophyletic clade between subfamily of Vespinae and Polistinae and subfamily of Stenogastrinae have been group as the sister clade to other social wasps