TIRE WASTE AS A POTENTIAL MATERIAL FOR CARBON ELECTRODE FABRICATION: A REVIEW

Nowadays, tire waste is a big issue since the rapid growth of vehicle population worldwide. The disposal of tire waste should be done properly due to the environmental impact caused by stockpile the tire waste in landfill.  Many kinds of research had been conducted to dispose of tire waste efficiently for getting valuable material from tire waste by using pyrolysis technology; one of them is carbon. In this review paper, production and application of carbon from tire waste presented. In several studies, carbon derived from tire waste was used as an adsorbent, electrode in energy storage application, like batteries and fuel cell

2-Amino­cyclo­hexan-1-aminium thio­cyanate

The title compound, C6H15N2 +·NCS−, was obtained unexpectedly from the reaction mixture of benzoyl chloride, ammonium thio­cyanate and cyclo­hexane-1,2-diamine. The cyclo­hexane ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, N—H⋯S and N—H⋯N inter­actions involving the thio­cyanate anion and both the amine and the aminium N atoms link the mol­ecules, forming two-dimensional networks parallel to (001)

A Study on Microgel System as a Template for Dispersion and Separation of Chiral Tartaric Acid

Separation of tartaric acid enantiomers in organic compounds using conventional techniques requires high energy demand, high chemicals consumption, lengthy, complicated and expensive processes. This research demonstrates utilization of PNIPAM microgel system as a template for incorporation of chiral D- and L- tartaric acids (TA). The poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel was synthesized using surfactant free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) and was characterized using standard procedures. The combination of 1.4×10-3 g/ml microgel with 3.02×10-4 g/ml TA gave the most stable system. Subsequently, a two-phase system was obtained after centrifugation. Both phases were subjected to dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and the corresponding separated systems gave particle sizes ranging from 80-90 nm for the upper phase, and 1200-1500 nm for the lower phase. Scanning electron micrographs showed the presence of agglomeration in the lower phase, supporting the DLS results. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis confirmed the presence of TA indicated by a peak at δ = 13.1 ppm. Based on these findings, the system can be a potential alternative template for TA racemix acid dispersion and separation

X-ray crystal structure and cation binding properties of a new phthalide-fused indoline derivative

An efficient and a green route to synthesize phthalide-fused indoline, 3-[(5-chloro-1,3,3-trimethylindolin-2-ylidene)methyl] isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (3) has been developed by the coupling reaction of 5-chloro-2-methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline, 1 and 2-formylbenzoic acid, 2 under solvent-free domestic microwave irradiation. The compound was produced in 85% yield. Compound 3 was characterized by analytical and spectral methods and its structure was confirmed by chemical crystallography. Compound 3 was successfully crystallized in triclinic system with space group Pī. The molecular structure consists of fused 1 and 2 groups connected by the enamine carbon. Binding study of 3 towards different types of metal cations was done by colorimetric detection and UV-vis titrations. Compound 3 exhibited good selectivity and sensitivity for Sn2+ compared to other metal cations tested. The stoichiometric binding ratio of 3 toward Sn2+ is found to be 1:1 and the binding constant (Ka) is 1.07×104 M–1 on the basis of Job’s plot and Benesi-Hildebrand analysis

Synthesis and binding behaviour of new isomers of bis-thiourea

The two new symmetrical bis-thiourea compounds, 2,2’-[{(terephthaloylbis(azanediyl)bis (carbonothioyl)bis(azanediyl)}bis(4-methylpentanoicacid)] 1A and 2,2’-[{(isophthaloylbis (azanediyl)bis(carbonothioyl)bis(azanediyl)}bis(4-methylpentanoic acid)] 1B have been synthesized by reacting terephthaloyl/isophthaloyl chloride and L-leucine in high yields. Newly synthesized bis-thiourea derivatives were characterized using FTIR, 1D NMR, 2D NMR, MS spectrometry and Elemental analysis. Their binding properties with various cations were also carried out using UV-vis titration experiments. Both isomers exhibited effective binding against Ag+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ in the presence of other cations, such as Na+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sn2+, and Al3+. Stoichiometries of the host-guest complexation for both isomers were found to be 1:4 by plotting molar-ratio curves. Pearson Product moment correlation coefficient was in the range of 0.83-0.99 and nonlinear regression equation was used to calculate dissociation constant (Kd). Both compounds displayed weak antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram negative bacteria. Cytotoxicity testing on CCD841 Normal human colon epithelial cell line showed that both compounds are non-toxic, with an IC50 value of 1.50 mg/mL

A new copper ionophore N1, N3-Bis [[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] carbamothioyl] isophtalamide for potentiometric sensor

A copper ion sensor based on a new bis-thiourea compound N1,N3-bis[[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamothioyl]isophthalamide (or TPC) as neutral carrier was investigated. The immobilization of the TPC into poly(n-butyl acrylate) (pBA) membrane via drop casting and the sensor was characterized by potentiometry. The sensor fabricated from TPC only showed a good Nernstian response towards copper ion with a sensitivity slope of 28.81±0.53mV/decade in the range of 1.0 × 10-6 - 1.0 × 10-4 M. The limit of detection of this sensor was found to be 6.11 × 10-7 M and with short sensor response time (60 - 80 s). This sensor also demonstrated reversibility and reproducibility with 3.69% and 1.84% (Relative Standard Deviation, RSD), respectively. Based on the separate solution method (SSM), the logarithm selectivity coefficients were better than -2.00 for monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations and this confirmed that the sensor exhibited good selectivity towards copper ion. The sensor could attain optimum function without the need in the inclusion of either lipophilic anions as a membrane additive nor plasticizer as a membrane softener. Thus, these are the main advantages. The addition of lipophilic anions into the pBA membrane could cause the sensitivity and selectivity of the copper ion sensor based on ionophore TPC to deteriorate

Fabrication of porcine DNA biosensor based on ruthenium bipyridine complex

Electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of porcine oligonucleotides based on ruthenium (II) as label redox complex has been developed. The system of biosensor is based on the modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPE) with goldnanoparticles (AuNPs) as transducer immobilized with poly(n-butylacrylate-N-acryloxysuccinimide) microsphere and porcine DNA probe sequences was attached onto it via the covalent bond. The ruthenium(II) complex, [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ PIP = 2-phenylimidazo[4,5-f[1,10-phenanthroline] intercalator has been been used to determine prcine DNA. The biosensor was measured and optimized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The interaction of [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ with various DNA with different sequences, i) single stranded probe DNA, ii) after hybridization with its complementary DNA and iii) after hybridization with mismatch complementary DNA were studied. The results indicated that the interaction of [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ with hybridized complementary DNA gave the highest response. Thus, development of porcine DNA biosensor and influences of many factors such as [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ complex and DNA probe concentration, DNA probe immobilization and hybridization time, pH, ionic strength, buffer concentration and temperatures were also studied to evaluate the performance of biosensor. The concentration of [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ complex and DNA probe were found to be optimal at 50 µM and 2 µM, respectively. The optimal time for DNA probe immobilization and hybridization were 7 hours and 60 minutes, accordingly. The optimal condition of pH, ionic strength, buffer concentration and temperatures were at pH 7.0, 1.0 M NaCl, 0.05 M of Na-phosphate buffer and 25 °C, respectively. The linear range of different concentration complementary DNA was within the range between 1.0 x 10-13 M to 1.0 x 10-8 M. This study was first reported the used of [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ for detection of porcine oligonucleotides

Kajian pengkompleksan sebatian bis-tiourea dengan ion aluminium sebagai ionofor dalam pembangunan sensor ion potensiometri

Sebatian terbitan tiourea telah banyak digunakan sebagai ionofor untuk merkuri, kadmium, kuprum, plumbum dan ferum (III) dalam bidang sensor kimia. Namun, penggunaan sebatian tiourea sebagai ionofor aluminium masih tidak banyak dilaporkan. Dalam kajian ini, satu sebatian bis-tiourea baharu 1,1’-[(metilazandiyil)bis(etana-2,1-diyil)]bis[3-(naftalen-1-yil)tiourea] ACH telah disintesis dan dicirikan dengan menggunakan spektroskopi 1H, 13C-resonans magnetik nukleus, spektroskopi inframerah dan spektrometri jisim. Untuk menilai dan menentusah kesesuaian sebatian ACH sebagai ionofor aluminium, kajian pengkompleksan antara ligan ACH dengan ion aluminium dalam komposisi pelarut H2O-EtOH yang berbeza melalui kaedah spektrofluorimetri telah dijalankan. Antara lima jenis komposisi pelarut, hanya pelarut 25%H2O-75%EtOH menunjukkan pembentukan kompleks. Nisbah stoikiometri bagi ion kompleks yang terbentuk antara ligan ACH dengan ion Al3+ ialah 3:1 dengan formula [Al(ACH)3]3+ dan nilai pKa yang diperoleh ialah 5.10±0.01. Struktur ion kompleks [ACH-Al]3+ dengan stokoimetri 1:1 juga telah dioptimumkan melalui pengiraan teori fungsi ketumpatan. Kedua-dua atom sulfur daripada kumpulan berfungsi bis-tiourea didapati merupakan tapak aktif yang terlibat dalam proses pengkompleksan dan geometri separa rongga ditunjukkan pada ligan ACH untuk berkoordinat dengan ion Al3+. Nilai negatif yang rendah pada tenaga pengikatan [ACH-Al]3+, iaitu -5.560 × 106 kJ/mol juga memaparkan kestabilan ion kompleks yang kuat. Sebagai kesimpulan, sebatian ACH adalah sesuai digunakan sebagai ionofor aluminium yang baharu dalam sensor ion potensiometri

Antioxidant Potential of Chloranthus erectus (Chloranthaceae) from various solvents extract

Chloranthus erectus is a herbaceous plant that has been used as a medicinal plant in several regions such as China and Southeast Asia. Although it possesses valuable medicinal properties, till now there is not much research has been carried out on the medicinal properties of this plant and the knowledge of this plant is limited among the research fertility. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the phytochemicals, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of leaf and twig of C. erectus in various solvents extract (hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, quinones, glycosides, and steroids. The highest phenolic content for leaf and twig samples was determined from the methanolic (9.64 ± 0.15 µg GAE/g) and hexanoic extract (7.39 ± 0.27 µg GAE/g), respectively. Meanwhile, the highest antioxidant activity was reported from the methanolic extract of both leaf (88.36 ± 0.24%) and twig (91.25 ± 0.10%) samples. Hence, the results of the study can be concluded that C. erectus has the potential to become a good natural antioxidant and the information from this study can be utilized by the communities as well as other researchers

Electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of porcine oligonucleotides using [Ru(bpy)2PIP]2+ complex

An electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of porcine oligonucleotides based on ruthenium (II) complexruthenium(II) complex, [Ru(bpy)2(PIP)]2+, (bpy = 2,2’bipyridine, PIP = 2-phenylimidazo[4,5-f[[1,10-phenanthroline]) as label redox have been developed. The study was carried out by immobilization of porcine aminated DNA probes sequences on screen printed electrode (SPE) modified with succinimide-acrylic microspheres and [Ru(bpy)2(PIP)]2+ to detect DNA hybridization event. The electrochemical detection by redox active ruthenium (II) complex was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results indicate that the interaction of [Ru(bpy)2(PIP)]2+ with hybridization complementary DNA has higher response compared to single-stranded and mismatch complementary DNA. Under optimized condition, this porcine DNA biosensor shows linear response range towards target DNA within range of 1 x10 -5 uM to 1x10-13 uM