The Shifted and The Overlooked: A Task-oriented Investigation of User-GPT Interactions

Recent progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) has produced models that exhibit remarkable performance across a variety of NLP tasks. However, it remains unclear whether the existing focus of NLP research accurately captures the genuine requirements of human users. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the divergence between current NLP research and the needs of real-world NLP applications via a large-scale collection of user-GPT conversations. We analyze a large-scale collection of real user queries to GPT. We compare these queries against existing NLP benchmark tasks and identify a significant gap between the tasks that users frequently request from LLMs and the tasks that are commonly studied in academic research. For example, we find that tasks such as ``design'' and ``planning'' are prevalent in user interactions but are largely neglected or different from traditional NLP benchmarks. We investigate these overlooked tasks, dissect the practical challenges they pose, and provide insights toward a roadmap to make LLMs better aligned with user needs.Comment: EMNLP 202

Text Dialogue Analysis for Primary Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment: Development and Validation Study

BackgroundArtificial intelligence models tailored to diagnose cognitive impairment have shown excellent results. However, it is unclear whether large linguistic models can rival specialized models by text alone. ObjectiveIn this study, we explored the performance of ChatGPT for primary screening of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and standardized the design steps and components of the prompts. MethodsWe gathered a total of 174 participants from the DementiaBank screening and classified 70% of them into the training set and 30% of them into the test set. Only text dialogues were kept. Sentences were cleaned using a macro code, followed by a manual check. The prompt consisted of 5 main parts, including character setting, scoring system setting, indicator setting, output setting, and explanatory information setting. Three dimensions of variables from published studies were included: vocabulary (ie, word frequency and word ratio, phrase frequency and phrase ratio, and lexical complexity), syntax and grammar (ie, syntactic complexity and grammatical components), and semantics (ie, semantic density and semantic coherence). We used R 4.3.0. for the analysis of variables and diagnostic indicators. ResultsThree additional indicators related to the severity of MCI were incorporated into the final prompt for the model. These indicators were effective in discriminating between MCI and cognitively normal participants: tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (P<.001), difficulty with complex ideas (P<.001), and memory issues (P<.001). The final GPT-4 model achieved a sensitivity of 0.8636, a specificity of 0.9487, and an area under the curve of 0.9062 on the training set; on the test set, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve reached 0.7727, 0.8333, and 0.8030, respectively. ConclusionsChatGPT was effective in the primary screening of participants with possible MCI. Improved standardization of prompts by clinicians would also improve the performance of the model. It is important to note that ChatGPT is not a substitute for a clinician making a diagnosis

Field study on human thermal comfort and indoor air quality in university dormitory buildings

Field studies on the environmental conditions and occupant thermal comfort were carried in air-conditioned buildings and no air-conditioned building in Xi’an, China. The present study aimed to explore the effect of indoor thermal history on the thermal adaptation and indoor air quality of occupants. Based on a field study, 550 and 580 data sets were obtained in naturally ventilated (NV) and spilled air-conditioned dormitory buildings (SAC), respectively. The physical environment parameters and subjective responses were explored. Most of the environment in NV mode were warmer than the current standard upper limit (28 °C). The neutral temperature of the NV group was 26.7 °C, 1.5 higher than that of the SAC group (24.6 °C). The upper limit of 80% acceptable temperature range was 29.2 °C for the NV group, 1.7 °C higher than that of the SAC group (27.5 °C). Compared to the SAC group, a warm indoor thermal history of the NV group produced a shift to higher neutral temperature and higher acceptable temperature. Differences were found in the indoor environment quality and in the occupant’s subjective satisfaction between the two groups. Compared to PMV model, the adaptive model was more applicable to spilt air-conditioned building

Risk factors for mortality among lung cancer patients with covid-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundLung cancer patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection experience high mortality rates. The study aims to determine the risk factors for mortality in lung cancer patients with COVID-19 infection.Materials and methodsFollowed the PRISMA reporting guidelines, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched to February 20, 2023, for studies of lung cancer patients with COVID-19 infection. The main outcome of interest was the risk factor for mortality. We also compared the mortality rate of those patients among different continents. A pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI was presented as the result of this meta-analysis.ResultsMeta-analysis of 33 studies involving 5018 patients showed that pooled mortality rate of lung cancer in COVID-19 patients was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.25-0.36). Subgroup analysis based on the continents showed significant difference of the mortality rate was observed between Asia and the rest of world (χ2 = 98.96, P ConclusionsFindings of this meta-analysis confirms an increased risk of mortality in lung cancer patients with COVID-19 infection, whose risk factors for these patients appear to be exacerbated by older age, advanced-stage lung cancer, and comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease

Intelligent Metaverse Scene Content Construction

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) has revolutionized research across various scientific fields, with AI-driven VR simulations finding applications in education, healthcare, and entertainment. However, existing literature lacks a comprehensive investigation that systematically summarizes the fundamental characteristics and development trajectory of AI-generated visual content in the metaverse. This survey focuses on intelligent metaverse scene content construction, aiming to address this gap by exploring the application of AI in content generation. It investigates scene content generation, simulation biology, personalized content, and intelligent agents. Analyzing the current state and identifying common features, this survey provides a detailed description of methods for constructing intelligent metaverse scenes. The primary contribution is a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of intelligent visual content production in the metaverse, highlighting emerging trends. The discussion on methods for constructing intelligent scene content in the metaverse suggests that in the era of intelligence, it has the potential to become the dominant approach for content creation in metaverse scenes

Carbon dioxide generation rates and subjects’ perception of air quality of office activities under various ambient temperatures

Indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is an important parameter that has been used to characterize and design indoor air quality and building ventilation. In indoor spaces, the primary source of CO2 is occupants, and the rate is always related to occupants’ activities intensity. However, the CO2 generation rates required by many applications were currently calculated by metabolic rates using equations given in the ASHRAE Handbook, which were based on the average of adults from Europe and North America that are several decades old. In addition, the ambient temperatures may also affect CO2 generation rates by affecting human metabolic reactions but were not considered. There is little systematic experimental determination of human CO2 generation rates at different activity levels and various ambient temperatures. This study experimentally determines Chinese office people’s CO2 generation rates by 28 college students (14 women and 14 men) aged 20~30, while conducting office tasks (sitting and typing, standing and typing, walking at 1 km/h, and walking at 2 km/h) at 20, 23, 26, and 29 ℃. CO2 generation rates increase significantly as activity levels increase, and slightly increased with increasing ambient temperature. With activity intensity increases, the gender and temperature differences also grow

Analysis of adult disease characteristics and mortality on MIMIC-III.

PURPOSE:To deeply analyze the basic information and disease information of adult patients in the MIMIC-III (Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III) database, and provide data reference for clinicians and researchers. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Tableau2019.1.0 and Navicat12.0.29 were used for data analysis and extraction of disease distribution of adult patients in the MIMIC-III database. RESULT:A total of 38,163 adult patients were included in the MIMIC-III database. Only 38,156 patients with the first diagnosis were selected. Among them, 21,598 were males accounting for 56.6% the median age was 66 years (Q1-Q3: 53-78), the median length of a hospital stay was 7 days (Q1-Q3: 4-12), and the median length of an ICU stay was 2.1 days (Q1-Q3: 1.2-4.1). Septicemia was the disease with the highest mortality rate among patients and the total mortality rate was 48.9%. The disease with the largest number of patients at the last time was other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSION:By analyzing the patients' basic information, the admission spectrum and the disease morbidity and mortality can help more researchers understand the MIMIC-III database and facilitate further research

Predicting mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in the ICU using XGBoost model.

PurposeThe goal of this study is to construct a mortality prediction model using the XGBoot (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) decision tree model for AKI (acute kidney injury) patients in the ICU (intensive care unit), and to compare its performance with that of three other machine learning models.MethodsWe used the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD) for model development and performance comparison. The prediction performance of the XGBoot model was compared with the other three machine learning models. These models included LR (logistic regression), SVM (support vector machines), and RF (random forest). In the model comparison, the AUROC (area under receiver operating curve), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were used to evaluate the predictive performance of each model.ResultsA total of 7548 AKI patients were analyzed in this study. The overall in-hospital mortality of AKI patients was 16.35%. The best performing algorithm in this study was XGBoost with the highest AUROC (0.796, p ConclusionXGBoot model had obvious advantages of performance compared to the other machine learning models. This will be helpful for risk identification and early intervention for AKI patients at risk of death

Differences in Transpiration Characteristics among Eucalyptus Plantations of Three Species on the Leizhou Peninsula, Southern China

How much transpiration water consumption varies between eucalyptus species is unknown, making the suitability of a particular eucalyptus species for large-scale planting in a given area, or whether interspecific differences need to be taken into account for eucalyptus water consumption estimates, uncertain. Here, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Ec), Eucalyptus pellita F. v. Muell. (Ep), the most resistant species, and Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (Eug), the most widely planted species, were monitored for sap flow. Their stand transpiration was also estimated and its relationship to various influencing factors analyzed for the same stand age and site, and predictive models for daily transpiration (T) developed. The results showed that the T of all eucalyptus species was jointly influenced by meteorological factors, soil water content (SWC), and leaf area index (LAI), with great variation in the T response to each influencing factor among species. Accordingly, we developed species-specific transpiration prediction models that could adequately explain the changed T of each species (R2-values: 0.863–0.911). There were significant differences in the stand daily mean sap flow density (JC) and transpiration among the three species. Although Ec had a significantly lower JC than Ep, it was significantly higher than Eug on all timescales, where the mean annual JC of Ep (0.11 cm min−1) was 1.4 and 2.6 times that of Ec (0.08 cm min−1) and Eug (0.042 cm min−1), respectively. Transpiration of Eug was significantly less than Ep, but significantly greater than Ec on all timescales, where the annual transpiration of Ep (743.41 mm) was 2.4 and 1.5 times that of Ec (311.52 mm) and Eug (493.58 mm), respectively. These results suggest that interspecific differences cannot be ignored when estimating transpiration rates in Chinese eucalyptus plantations, whose amount of water use should be considered when choosing the most optimal species to plant regionally

Preferred temperature with standing and treadmill workstations

Prolonged sedentary behavior has been shown to increase chronic diseases. Using standing and treadmill desk reduces sitting time, increases metabolic rate and thus has potential to improve health. There is little existing guidance on how to keep thermal comfort when using standing and treadmill desk. It is unknown what are the suitable ambient temperatures for occupants at elevated office activity levels. This experiment investigated thermal sensation and preferred temperature at elevated office activity levels, including sitting (SED), standing (STD), and two slow-walk speeds: walking at 1.2 km/h (TRD1) and walking at 2.4 km/h (TRD2). Comfort votes were obtained from 20 subjects under personal controlled ambient temperature. The active workstation significantly increased human metabolic level and reduced preferred temperature. The measured metabolic rates were 1.0, 1.1, 1.9 and 2.5 met for SED, STD, TRD 1 and TRD 2. The preferred ambient temperature reduced from 25.85 °C for SED, to 25.0, 24.1 and 23.2 °C for STD, TRD 1 and TRD 2 respectively. All subjects were comfortable at their preferred temperatures. PMV model was found to predict too cool temperature than needed for higher metabolic rates