Table1_The effects of temperature and donor piglet age on the transcriptomic profile and energy metabolism of myoblasts.xlsx

Rapid climate change is associated with frequent extreme heat events and the resulting thermal stress has consequences for the health, welfare, and growth of farm animals. The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptional changes and the effects on energy metabolism in proliferating porcine myoblasts derived from piglets of different ages, representing differences in thermoregulatory abilities, and cultivated below (35°C) and above (39°C, 41°C) the standard cultivation temperature (37°C). Satellite cells originating from Musculus rhomboideus of piglets isolated on days 5 (P5, thermolabile) and 20 (P20, thermostable) of age were used. Our expression analyses highlighted differentially expressed genes in porcine myoblasts cultures under heat or cold induced stress. These gene sets showed enrichment for biological processes and pathways related to organelle fission, cell cycle, chromosome organization, and DNA replication. Culture at 35°C resulted in increased metabolic flux as well as a greater abundance of transcripts of the cold shock protein-encoding gene RBM3 and those of genes related to biological processes and signaling pathways, especially those involving the immune system (cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, TNF and IL-17 signaling pathways). For cultivation at 39°C, differences in the expression of genes related to DNA replication and cell growth were identified. The highest glutathione index ratio was also found under 39°C. Meanwhile, cultivation at 41°C induced a heat stress response, including the upregulation of HSP70 expression and the downregulation of many biological processes and signaling pathways related to proliferative ability. Our analysis also identified differentially expressed genes between cells of donors with a not yet (P5) and already fully developed (P20) capacity for thermoregulation at different cultivation temperatures. When comparing P5 and P20, most of the changes in gene expression were detected at 37°C. At this optimal temperature, muscle cells can develop to their full capacity. Therefore, the most diverse molecular signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling, Wnt signaling, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, were found and are more pronounced in muscle cells from 20-day-old piglets. These results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of skeletal muscle cells to temperature stress in terms of their thermoregulatory ability.</p

Position of the detected single nucleotide polymorphisms in porcine <i>NR3C1.</i>

<p>Exons are represented by numbered boxes. Coding region is highlighted by coloring according to the encoded functional domain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and resulting amino acid substitutions are designated according to human genome variation society nomenclature. Synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs are represented by dashed and solid arrows, respectively.</p

Number of probe sets showing a significantly altered abundance in muscle tissue.

<p>The number of altered probe sets between adjacent developmental stages in AP or HP offspring are indicated at horizontal arrows; the number of commonly altered probe sets between stages in AP and HP offspring are indicated at intersections; the number of probe sets showing a different abundance between HP and AP offspring at the same developmental stage are indicated at vertical arrows; small arrows at the numbers indicate a higher or lower probe set abundance, respectively.</p

Association of the three identified missense SNPs in porcine <i>NR3C1</i> with weight of the left adrenal gland (g) in three different commercial populations.

1<p>LR-German Landrace, PiF1-(Pietrain × (German Large White × German Landrace), LW-German Large White.</p>2<p>Least-squares means (LSM) with different superscripts ^A,B,C differ significantly at p≤0.01.</p>3<p>Allele substitution effect in fractions of phenotypic standard deviation.</p>4<p>Phenotypic variance in percent explained by the SNP.</p

Manhattan plot of the genome-wide association analysis of plasma cortisol levels (A) and adrenal weight (B).

<p>The red line indicates the significance threshold corresponding to a genome-wide false discovery rate q-value ≤0.05.</p

The p.Ala610Val substitution increases sensitivity of porcine GR to glucocorticoids <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Transcriptional activity of the two GR-alpha variants was investigated in COS-7 cells cotransfected with the pGL4.36 reporter construct expressing firefly luciferase under the control of the glucocorticoid-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus promoter after induction with dexamethasone at the indicated concentrations. (A) Fold induction of normalized luciferase expression in dexamethasone- vs. vehicle-treated cells. Significant differences (p<0.05) are indicated by an asterisk; (B) Estimated dose-response curve and EC50. Data are means ± SEM of four separate experiments performed in triplicate.</p

Experimental Design.

<p>Animals were vaccinated twice with TT. Directly before (0), as well as 2, 4, 8, 24 and 75 hours after each vaccination blood samples were collected. A final blood sample was taken at day 28. Pairwise comparisons of the reference time 0 hours against each following sampling time point were set up for the identification of DE-genes. * reference time point.</p

Primer sequences used for quantitative real-time PCR.

*<p>reference genes used for normalization.</p

Identification of genes differentially expressed during prenatal development of skeletal muscle in two pig breeds differing in muscularity-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Identification of genes differentially expressed during prenatal development of skeletal muscle in two pig breeds differing in muscularity"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/109</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():109-109.</p><p>Published online 1 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2147030.</p><p></p>s). For some genes data on expression in adults is missing. Open boxes and diamonds show absolute values of the Pietrain vs. Duroc expression ratios at each stage (log2(Pi/Du)). Open diamonds indicate higher expression in Duroc compared to Pietrain individuals and open boxes indicate the reverse situation (secondary y-axis)

Identification of genes differentially expressed during prenatal development of skeletal muscle in two pig breeds differing in muscularity-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Identification of genes differentially expressed during prenatal development of skeletal muscle in two pig breeds differing in muscularity"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/109</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():109-109.</p><p>Published online 1 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2147030.</p><p></p>s). For some genes data on expression in adults is missing. Open boxes and diamonds show absolute values of the Pietrain vs. Duroc expression ratios at each stage (log2(Pi/Du)). Open diamonds indicate higher expression in Duroc compared to Pietrain individuals and open boxes indicate the reverse situation (secondary y-axis)