Genome-wide analysis of the TCP gene family and their expression pattern in Cymbidium goeringii

TCP gene family are specific transcription factors for plant, and considered to play an important role in development and growth. However, few related studies investigated the TCP gene trait and how it plays a role in growth and development of Orchidaceae. In this study, we obtained 14 TCP genes (CgTCPs) from the Spring Orchid Cymbidium goeringii genome. The classification results showed that 14 CgTCPs were mainly divided into two clades as follows: four PCF genes (Class I), nine CIN genes and one CYC gene (Class II). The sequence analysis showed that the TCP proteins of C. goeringii contain four conserved regions (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) in the TCP domain. The exon−intron structure varied in the clade according to a comparative investigation of the gene structure, and some genes had no introns. There are fewer CgTCP homologous gene pairs compared with Dendrobium catenatum and Phalaenopsis equestris, suggesting that the TCP genes in C. goeringii suffered more loss events. The majority of the cis-elements revealed to be enriched in the function of light responsiveness, followed by MeJA and ABA responsiveness, demonstrating their functions in regulating by light and phytohormones. The collinearity study revealed that the TCPs in D. catenatum, P. equestris and C. goeringii almost 1:1. The transcriptomic data and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT−qPCR) expression profiles showed that the flower-specific expression of the TCP class II genes (CgCIN2, CgCIN5 and CgCIN6) may be related to the regulation of florescence. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive analysis uncovering the underlying function of TCP genes in Orchidaceae

The Cymbidium genome reveals the evolution of unique morphological traits

The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms. The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation, floral morphology, and flower scent traits. Here, a chromosomescale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium (Jianlan) is presented. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, the most recent of which was shared by all orchids, while the older event was the τ event shared by most monocots. The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation, and flower shape mutations in C. ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes. The most abundant floral scent components identified included methyl jasmonate, acacia alcohol and linalool, and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C. ensifolium were determined. Furthermore, the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves, while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves. Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversification.The National Key Research and Development Program of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Outstanding Young Scientific Research Talent Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, the Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization Construction Funds, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.https://www.nature.com/hortresam2022BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog

Combination Weighting Integrated with TOPSIS for Landscape Performance Evaluation: A Case Study of Microlandscape from Rural Areas in Southeast China

This study aims to evaluate the landscape performance of rural microlandscapes in highly urbanized areas and propose optimization strategies based on the evaluation results. As a sustainable promotion mode, microlandscapes can effectively improve the damage caused by the development of rugged urbanization to the living environment. To improve the rural living environment, some achievements have been made in the construction of microlandscapes in the highly urbanized rural areas of southeast coastal areas, represented by Fujian Province, but there are still problems such as low utilization rate and difficult maintenance. As a qualitative and quantitative weighting method, the combination weighting method is widely used in the construction of evaluation models of safety engineering, environmental management, and other disciplines. This study constructed a landscape performance evaluation system based on the American landscape performance series and combined it with performance evaluation methods in other related fields to establish a landscape performance evaluation system suitable for rural microlandscapes in highly urbanized areas. Taking social benefits as an example, five main factors affecting social benefits are highlighted: comfort and health; safety and accessibility; sociability and service; aesthetics and education; and culture and inheritance. Each factor contains different sub-criteria to identify specific problems. Field observation, questionnaire survey, and interview records of 25 microlandscape projects in Yinglin Town, Jinjiang City were conducted. The combination weight calculation based on the AHP-entropy weight method and the comprehensive benefit ranking calculation based on the TOPSIS method is carried out. It was found that stress relief and the number of visitors were the main factors affecting the social benefits of microlandscape performance, and the top-ranked projects also had such characteristics. The seasonal phase and color richness had the least effect on social benefits. Therefore, the microlandscape should improve the healing effect of the project on users as much as possible in the design stage, so that users can better relax through the microlandscape. In addition, strategies such as space selection and path optimization should be adopted to improve the utilization rate of the microlandscape as much as possible, and the fairness of the use of vulnerable groups should be fully considered

Social Benefits Evaluation of Rural Micro-Landscapes in Southeastern Coastal Towns of China—The Case of Jinjiang, Fujian

Faced with the current situation of the decay and alienation of traditional public space and the broken and disorderly spatial structure caused by the rapid urbanization of the Chinese countryside, rural micro-landscape creation has become an effective way to improve human living environments. However, it is currently difficult for rural micro-landscape construction to achieve the sustainable development of social benefits due to the lack of scientific design guidelines. Evaluating the social benefits of completed projects and identifying the important influencing factors are key to realizing the evidence-based design of rural micro-landscapes. To this end, this study deduces the mechanism of social benefit generation based on the psychological process of spatial perception and establishes a structural equation model containing compound influence pathways to measure the social benefits of micro-landscapes. The evaluation model consists of four latent variables, “physical element characteristics”, “perceptual quality”, “cognitive experience”, and “activity behavior”, and 35 observed variables. The researchers selected 18 micro-landscape areas in Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, China, as the survey sample and analyzed the influence of the potential variables and the explanatory power of the observed variables through a quantitative analysis of objective environmental elements and perception data from 102 respondents. The results showed that “perceptual quality” and “cognitive experience” had the greatest direct effect on social benefits, and, based on the progressive influence relationships among the dimensions, “physical element characteristics” dominated the total social benefits through direct and indirect means. Compared with single-function green space, comfortable and diverse artificial facilities encourage residents to enter and use micro-landscapes and contribute to their social benefits. The purpose of this paper is to explore the ideal form of rural micro-landscape creation and provide a theoretical basis for the future practice of high-quality and sustainable rural micro-landscape construction

Social Benefits Evaluation of Rural Micro-Landscapes in Southeastern Coastal Towns of China—The Case of Jinjiang, Fujian

Faced with the current situation of the decay and alienation of traditional public space and the broken and disorderly spatial structure caused by the rapid urbanization of the Chinese countryside, rural micro-landscape creation has become an effective way to improve human living environments. However, it is currently difficult for rural micro-landscape construction to achieve the sustainable development of social benefits due to the lack of scientific design guidelines. Evaluating the social benefits of completed projects and identifying the important influencing factors are key to realizing the evidence-based design of rural micro-landscapes. To this end, this study deduces the mechanism of social benefit generation based on the psychological process of spatial perception and establishes a structural equation model containing compound influence pathways to measure the social benefits of micro-landscapes. The evaluation model consists of four latent variables, “physical element characteristics”, “perceptual quality”, “cognitive experience”, and “activity behavior”, and 35 observed variables. The researchers selected 18 micro-landscape areas in Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, China, as the survey sample and analyzed the influence of the potential variables and the explanatory power of the observed variables through a quantitative analysis of objective environmental elements and perception data from 102 respondents. The results showed that “perceptual quality” and “cognitive experience” had the greatest direct effect on social benefits, and, based on the progressive influence relationships among the dimensions, “physical element characteristics” dominated the total social benefits through direct and indirect means. Compared with single-function green space, comfortable and diverse artificial facilities encourage residents to enter and use micro-landscapes and contribute to their social benefits. The purpose of this paper is to explore the ideal form of rural micro-landscape creation and provide a theoretical basis for the future practice of high-quality and sustainable rural micro-landscape construction

Complete chloroplast genome of Chloranthus henryi (chloranthaceae)

The complete chloroplast genome of Chloranthus henryi, an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine, was sequenced and characterized in this study. The genome size is 157,990 bp in length with 37.3% GC content. Two inverted repeats of 26,151 bp are separated by a large single-copy region (87,148 bp), and a small single-copy region (18,569 bp). A total of 131 genes were identified, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Eight plastome accessions from Chloranthales, Austrobaileyales, Nymphaeales, and Amborellales were selected to assess the phylogenetic placement of genus

The complete plastome of Cymbidium tortisepalum (Orchidaceae) hermaphrodite

We report a complete chloroplast (cp) genome of a Cymbidium tortisepalum hermaphrodite. The cp genome is 149,764 bp in length, with a large single-copy region (LSC) of 85,257 bp and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 13,317 bp, which were separated by a pair of 25,595 bp inverted repeat regions (IRs). The genome contained 130 genes, with 111 unique genes, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content is 37.11% with the values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.44%, 29.67%, and 43.49%, respectively. Further, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the plastome of C. tortisepalum hermaphrodite is close to published C. sinense (NC021430.1), C. kanran (KU179435.1), C. tortisepalum (NC021431.1), and C. ensifolium (NC028525.1) plastomes

The complete chloroplast genome of a gynodioecious deciduous orchid Satyrium ciliatum (Orchidaceae) female

The chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of a gynodioecious Satyrium ciliatum female type has been characterized using Illumina pair-end sequencing. The complete cp genome was 154,418 bp in length, containing a large single copy region (LSC) of 83,475 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 17,513 bp, which were separated by a pair of 26,715 bp inverted repeat regions (IRs). The genome contained 132 genes, with 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The overall GC content is 37.18% with the values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.90%, 30.15%, and 43.06%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the S. ciliatum is close to Platanthera japonica (MG925368) in subfamily Orchidoideae