Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Hansen Terhadap Kandungan Gosipol Pada Kultur Kalus Gossypium Hirsutum L.*[the Effect of Saccharomycetes Cerevisiae Hansen Extract on Gosipol Content of Gossypium Hirsutum L. Callus Cultures]

This study concentrated on the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen extract on gosipol content of Gossypium hirsutum L callus cultures. There were many ways commonly used to obtain high secondary metabolites product by using tissue culture,i.e. elicitation.The objective of this study was to increase the production ofgossypol on G. hirsutum callus cultures using elicitor derived from S. cerevisiae.The callus grew optimally and produced gossypol on Linsmaierand Skoog (LS) medium with the addition of 10 M NAA and 10 M 2,4-D. Callus derived from cotyledon was subcultured five times.Callus was then elicited with elicitor derived from autoclaved S. cerevisiae and concentration of elicitor tested were 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5% (b/v). The harvesting times were 0, 2, 4, dan 6 days after elicitation. The gossypol was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Gossypol content was influenced significantly by concentration of elicitor and harvesting time.The maximum ofgossypol content was obtained on the 4 day after elicitation i.e. 469.233 ± 2.332 pg/g dry weight in the elicited callus of G. hirsutum

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ELISITOR EKSTRAK KHAMIR Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen TERHADAP KANDUNGAN AJMALISIN DALAM KULTUR AGREGAT SEL Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

There were many ways to obtain high production of secondary metabolites in plant tissue culture; among the other is elicitation.An experiment to study the effect of elicitor derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen extract on ajmalicine content in cell aggregates culture of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, has been conducted. The media used for callus induction and cell aggregates culture were Zenk 6 5(1977) with addition of 2.5 x 10" M Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and 10' M 6-Benzilaminopurine (BAP).The cell aggregates culturewas subcultured three times and then elicitated with elicitor derived from autoclaved 5.cerevisiae extract at concentrations 0.5, 1.0, 2.5%,and harvested at 18, 24,and 36 hours after elicitation.The ajmalicine was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) connected to chromatopack CR-7A Plus. The cell aggregates of C. roseus culture produced ajmalicine both in the cells and the media.The result of elicitation showed that ajmalicine content was influenced significantly by concentration and harvesting time. The highest ajmalicine content in the cell aggregates was 25.288 ± 0.102 jig/g dw, whilst that in media was 524.600 ± 0.566 \\ML. The optimum concentration of S. cerevisiae extract was 0.5%, and the best harvesting time was 24 hours

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen TERHADAP KANDUNGAN GOSIPOL PADA KULTUR KALUS Gossypium hirsutum L.

This study concentrated on the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen extract on gosipol content of Gossypium hirsutum L callus cultures. There were many ways commonly used to obtain high secondary metabolites product by using tissue culture,i.e. elicitation.The objective of this study was to increase the production ofgossypol on G. hirsutum callus cultures using elicitor derived from S. cerevisiae.The callus grew optimally and produced gossypol on Linsmaierand Skoog (LS) medium with the addition of 10 M NAA and 10 M 2,4-D. Callus derived from cotyledon was subcultured five times.Callus was then elicited with elicitor derived from autoclaved S. cerevisiae and concentration of elicitor tested were 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5% (b/v). The harvesting times were 0, 2, 4, dan 6 days after elicitation. The gossypol was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Gossypol content was influenced significantly by concentration of elicitor and harvesting time.The maximum ofgossypol content was obtained on the 4 day after elicitation i.e. 469.233 ± 2.332 pg/g dry weight in the elicited callus of G. hirsutum

Facilitating arrhythmia simulation: the method of quantitative cellular automata modeling and parallel running

BACKGROUND: Many arrhythmias are triggered by abnormal electrical activity at the ionic channel and cell level, and then evolve spatio-temporally within the heart. To understand arrhythmias better and to diagnose them more precisely by their ECG waveforms, a whole-heart model is required to explore the association between the massively parallel activities at the channel/cell level and the integrative electrophysiological phenomena at organ level. METHODS: We have developed a method to build large-scale electrophysiological models by using extended cellular automata, and to run such models on a cluster of shared memory machines. We describe here the method, including the extension of a language-based cellular automaton to implement quantitative computing, the building of a whole-heart model with Visible Human Project data, the parallelization of the model on a cluster of shared memory computers with OpenMP and MPI hybrid programming, and a simulation algorithm that links cellular activity with the ECG. RESULTS: We demonstrate that electrical activities at channel, cell, and organ levels can be traced and captured conveniently in our extended cellular automaton system. Examples of some ECG waveforms simulated with a 2-D slice are given to support the ECG simulation algorithm. A performance evaluation of the 3-D model on a four-node cluster is also given. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative multicellular modeling with extended cellular automata is a highly efficient and widely applicable method to weave experimental data at different levels into computational models. This process can be used to investigate complex and collective biological activities that can be described neither by their governing differentiation equations nor by discrete parallel computation. Transparent cluster computing is a convenient and effective method to make time-consuming simulation feasible. Arrhythmias, as a typical case, can be effectively simulated with the methods described

Wild bonobos host geographically restricted malaria parasites including a putative new <i>Laverania</i> species

Malaria parasites, though widespread among wild chimpanzees and gorillas, have not been detected in bonobos. Here, we show that wild-living bonobos are endemically Plasmodium infected in the eastern-most part of their range. Testing 1556 faecal samples from 11 field sites, we identify high prevalence Laverania infections in the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba (TL2) area, but not at other locations across the Congo. TL2 bonobos harbour P. gaboni, formerly only found in chimpanzees, as well as a potential new species, Plasmodium lomamiensis sp. nov. Rare co-infections with non-Laverania parasites were also observed. Phylogenetic relationships among Laverania species are consistent with co-divergence with their gorilla, chimpanzee and bonobo hosts, suggesting a timescale for their evolution. The absence of Plasmodium from most field sites could not be explained by parasite seasonality, nor by bonobo population structure, diet or gut microbiota. Thus, the geographic restriction of bonobo Plasmodium reflects still unidentified factors that likely influence parasite transmission