Probiotics as nutrient supplement in artificial feed of gold fish (Carassius auratus)

Ornamental fish culture is an important component of aquaculture industry and is one of the most economic and profitable areas of fish farming activities. The last four decades has witnessed considerable growth and diversification in the international trade in ornamental fishes. Gold fish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), a member of the cyprinidae family is one of the most popular aquarium fish and are extremely valuable commercially. Goldfish are not having only attractive colour but also are hardy and easy to culture, so they make excellent aquarium species as well . as laboratory species. Moreover, their hardiness and ready availability give them scientific value for genetic and physiological research also

Research protocol development: basic concepts for clinicians

The research output from most of the teaching medical institutions of our country is dismal. Medical students and faculties can routinely contribute to the research publication by developing proper instinct and attitude. Research ideas are generated from interesting observations that one comes across during day to day clinical practice. Every research question should be assessed by FINER criteria. Methodical search of existing literature is extremely important. Research hypothesis should be written in PICOT format. Knowledge of biostatistics and collaboration with basic sciences and paraclinical specialties are keys to scientifically correct clinical research protocol development

Painless labour: attitude and awareness amongst pregnant women

Background: Labour pain has been described as most severe pain experienced by a female. Labour analgesia is widely practiced in developed countries. Many labour analgesic methods have been introduced to make delivery a pleasurable moment in a women’s life.Methods: This prospective study was performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India after getting permission from institute ethical committee. 100 pregnant females attending the antenatal clinic were interviewed in their mother language. Information was collected on a questionnaire after an informed consent. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, desire and acceptability of pregnant women regarding painless labour.Results: The mean age of the women in the study was 24.98years.56% of women in the study were primigravida whereas 44% were multigravida.66% women belonged to urban area while 34% were from rural area. 10% were illiterate, 35% were educated upto secondary education and 55% were having higher education. Only 24% of the women were having knowledge about painless labour however 87% female were having positive attitude towards epidural analgesia. The correlation between the educational status and knowledge about painless labour was not statistically significant (p0.949). The knowledge and attitude of women regarding painless labour was statistically significant with p value of 0.00001.Conclusions: There is lack of knowledge about labour analgesia among women. Obstetrician and anaesthetist should educate women regarding painless labour. Labour analgesia is standard of care in obstetrics and should be provided to all parturient

Evaluation of insulin resistance in adolescent girl with menstrual irregularities

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is most commonly recognized endocrinopathy in reproductive age group. The symptoms of PCOS vary with age, race, weight, and medications, which lead to the challenges of accurate diagnosis particularly in adolescent age group. Adolescent with PCOS most commonly encountered by gynecologist, for their menstrual irregularities. During early puberty, menstrual irregularities can occur normally due to immature Hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. Early detection of PCOS is required to control high risk of insulin resistance followed by reproductive and metabolic consequences latter on in life. Also diabetes mellitus is asymptomatic at early stage of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Few studies have been conducted in Indian population, for prevalence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in adolescents with PCOS, with varying results and hence further study is required. The aim and objectives of the study was to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance in adolescents with menstrual disorders persisting 2 years after menarche.Methods: A Cross sectional Study consisting of 102 adolescent girls done in Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of the Indira Gandhi Institute Of Medical Science Biochemical analysis was done on(day 3 to day 5) of menstruation for clinical/laboratory hyperandrogenism ,and various cause of anovulation. HOMA-IR value was evaluated for insulin resistance by following formula: fasting serum insulin (μU/ml) × fasting plasma glucose (m mol/l)/22.5. The 2003 Rotterdam consensus workshop criteria were used for ultrasonographic feature of polycystic ovarian syndrome.Results: Most common pattern of menstrual irregularities was Oligomenorrhea. 4 (7.84%) cases had insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >3.9) and 25 (49.01%) cases had elevated HOMA-IR values (HOMA-IR >1). PCOS was seen in 35.29% of cases and only 1.96% of control.Conclusions: Adolescents with persistent menstrual irregularities even after two year of menarche, especially with oligomenorrhea and hypomenorrhoea, more frequently have the diagnosis of PCOS and also present with elevated HOMA-IR values

Review of obstetrical emergencies and fetal out come in a tertiary care centre

Background: Obstetric emergencies can occur suddenly and unexpectedly. Obstetrics is unique in that there are two patients to consider and care for, a mother and a baby or fetus. Identification and referral of high risk pregnancies are an integral part of maternal and child health services. Timeliness and appropriateness can reduce the incidence of obstetric emergencies. Present study was carried out to know the incidence, nature and outcome of obstetric emergencies.Methods: Retrospective study of obstetric emergencies admitted to Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical science, Patna from March 2015 to September 2017.Results: The common clinical presentation was Ectopic Pregnancy (19.64%), Heart Disease (16.64%), Abortion (13.69%), Severe Anaemia (16.66%), Purpureal Sepsis (9.52%), Sever pregnancy induced hypertension (3.57%), Eclampsia/ HELLP Syndrome (2.38%), Multiple Pregnancy (1.19%) Malignancy Disorder with Pregnancy (2.97%) and HIV in pregnancy (0.59%). Intervention done include Dilation and evacuation (13.69%), Caesarean section (28.57%), Vaginal delivery (22.62%), Caesarean Hysterectomy (2.38%), Exploratory Laparotomy (20.83%) and conservative management in (11.90%) of patients. Maternal outcome include shock due to rupture ectopic and post-partum (16.68%), Blood Transfusion done in (27.99%), Septicaemia (15.48%), ICU admission (8.92%), HDU (12.5%), Pulmonary oedema (6.54%), DIC (4.16%), CCF (3.57%), Ventilatory Support (1.78%) and Maternal Mortality (2.38%). Fatal outcome includes live birth (58.8%), NICU Admission (27.45%), Ventilatory Support (7.84%) and Neonatal mortality (5.88%).Conclusions: High risk pregnancy identification and proper antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care will reduce the incidence of obstetrical emergencies. Peripheral health care system need to be strengthen and early referral need to be implemented for better maternal and fetal outcome

Imaging of TCO lateral resistance effects in thin-film PV modules by lock-in thermography and electroluminescence techniques

The lateral sheet resistance of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) electrode in thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules is a major component of series resistance losses that causes significant reduction in the fill-factor and output power. This paper presents the investigation of TCO lateral resistance effects in the encapsulated thin-film modules by lock-in thermography (LIT) technique, which is predominantly used for shunt investigation in the solar cells. The LIT technique has been employed under both dark and illuminated conditions to compare their spatial sensitivity for imaging TCO resistance effects in a module. The LIT images have also been compared with electroluminescence (EL) images to find a correlation between localized heating and voltage drop across distributed TCO layer resistances, and to determine their advantages and limitations. Experimental results show that both, DLIT and ILIT, exhibit a gradient in thermal signal along the cell width due to variation in power dissipation across the lateral resistance of TCO electrode. However, ILIT appears to be more sensitive for imaging TCO resistance losses due to less junction masking effect. The spatial sensitivity also depends on the width of cell in a module. For narrower cells, DLIT and EL techniques are observed to be more sensitive near the higher potential edge of a cell as compared to ILIT. The study concludes that the LIT technique is also a potential candidate for providing the spatially-resolved characterization of TCO resistive losses in thin-film modules

Cross-characterization for imaging parasitic resistive losses in thin-film photovoltaic modules

Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules often suffer from a variety of parasitic resistive losses in transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and absorber layers that significantly affect the module electrical performance. This paper presents the holistic investigation of resistive effects due to TCO lateral sheet resistance and shunts in amorphous-silicon (a-Si) thin-film PV modules by simultaneous use of three different imaging techniques, electroluminescence (EL), lock-in thermography (LIT) and light beam induced current (LBIC), under different operating conditions. Results from individual techniques have been compared and analyzed for particular type of loss channel, and combination of these techniques has been used to obtain more detailed information for the identification and classification of these loss channels. EL and LIT techniques imaged the TCO lateral resistive effects with different spatial sensitivity across the cell width. For quantification purpose, a distributed diode modeling and simulation approach has been exploited to estimate TCO sheet resistance from EL intensity pattern and effect of cell width on module efficiency. For shunt investigation, LIT provided better localization of severe shunts, while EL and LBIC given good localization of weak shunts formed by the scratches. The impact of shunts on the photocurrent generation capability of individual cells has been assessed by li-LBIC technique. Results show that the cross-characterization by different imaging techniques provides additional information, which aids in identifying the nature and severity of loss channels with more certainty, along with their relative advantages and limitations in particular cases