A case-control study to evaluate risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

Background: Morbidity and mortality associated with ectopic pregnancy are directly related to the length of time required for diagnosis. Knowledge of risk factors for ectopic pregnancy will help an obstetrician to suspect and diagnose the condition early. Therefore, the present study was designed to identify potential risk factors and to evaluate the contribution of the risk factors in ectopic pregnancy.Methods: Study population consists of 65 women with ectopic pregnancy and for each ectopic case one woman with first trimester intrauterine pregnancy was recruited as control. Data were retrieved from all through a structured proforma. Data were analyzed statistically.Results: Various significant risk factors for ectopic pregnancy found were pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal ligation, age above 30 yrs, previous use of IUCD, low socio-economic status, tubal infertility and genital tuberculosis while no significant association was seen with smoking, age below 30 years, history of prior induced abortion, oral contraceptive pills and clomiphene citrate.Conclusions: Increase awareness and knowledge of risk factors will help obstetricians to suspect and diagnose ectopic pregnancy early and accurately and enable them to plan medical treatment. Surgical treatment will be reserved for ruptured ectopic pregnancy and haemodynamically unstable patients

Comparative assessment of fetomaternal outcome in twin pregnancy with singleton pregnancy at tertiary care centre

Background: Multiple pregnancy remains one of the highest risk situations for the mother, foetus and neonate despite recent advances in obstetrics, perinatal and neonatal care. Twin pregnancies have increased rates of obstetric and perinatal complications compared to singletons Objective of present study was comparative assessment of fetomaternal outcome in twin pregnancy with singleton pregnancy in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur.Methods: This was a hospital based, prospective observational study done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur from April 2015 to March 2016. 150 women with twin pregnancy and 150 women with singleton pregnancies at gestation age of 28 weeks and above coming for delivery and consented for the study were included in the study. Women with chronic medical disorder or chronic hypertension were excluded from the study. Maternal and neonatal outcome recorded and analysed.Results: Occurrence of twin in our study was 2.82%. Risk of preterm labour was about nine times higher in twin pregnancies than the singleton (OR: 2.74, 95% CI; 1.4494-5.1884, P value 0.001). The risk of premature rupture of membrane was increased by 2.74 times in twin pregnancies (OR:2.74; 95% CI: 1.4494-5.1884, p value .001). There was 3-time increased risk of malpresentation (OR 3.14; CI:1.7184-5.7480, p value .00002) and 2.28 times increase in hypertensive disorder (OR 2.28; 95% CI: 1.0727-4.8823, p value .03) in twin pregnancies. The risk of asphyxia and septicaemia was 2.5 times more in twins.Conclusions: Twin pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy with more complications in mother and foetus and is a great challenge for obstetrician. So, it should be managed carefully at tertiary care centre to reduce the maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity

Fabrication of Variable Morphologies on Argon Sputtered PMMA Surfaces

Ion beam induced patterning and fabrication of various topographies over polymeric surfaces has drawn strong interest due to latent applications in photonics, magnetic devices, optical devices and photovoltaics etc. In this work, we report the controlled surface structuring and evolution of different morphologies in Poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer using Ar+ ion beam fabrication technique. Morphological and structural analysis has been performed by ex situ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Diffraction. The effect of oblique incidences on argon sputtered films was evaluated by various surface topography and texture parameters, such as Fast Fourier Transforms, surface roughness, skewness, kurtosis. AFM study demonstrates fabrication of transient morphologies over argon sputtered surfaces. One dimensional (1D) cross section scans of surface profiles are determined and morphological features are investigated. The results showed halo peaks in the XRD patterns, which indicate the amorphous nature of this type of polymer. The formation of these surface structures is attributed to the different degree of sputtering yield at different off-normal incidences and preferential sputtering of hydrogen in comparison to carbon in ion sputtered surfaces

Development programs, security, and violence reduction:Evidence from an insurgency in India

India has employed a variety of military, political and economic measures to combat the long running insurgency in Kashmir with little evidence on what contributes to stability in the region. This paper uses a variety of tests to detect structural breaks in the time series for violence over the period 1998–2017. We identify a transition from a high violence regime to a low violence regime that coincides with (i) the fencing of the border with Pakistan (ii) the implementation of a large-scale development program, and (iii) the phasing in of the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). Panel data analysis using district-level data further corroborate these findings. Our results highlight the complementary roles of development programs and security in reducing violence

Complete mouth rehabilitation of children with early childhood caries: A case report of three cases

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major health concern that affects the oral health of infants and children negatively. Early loss of primary anterior teeth due to trauma or caries can cause loss of masticatory efficiency, compromised esthetics, mispronunciation of labiodentals sounds, and development of abnormal oral habits. The restoration of grossly decayed deciduous teeth especially anterior ones presents a major challenge to dentists, particularly in uncooperative children. The following case report of cases of early childhood caries documents the restoration of severely decayed deciduous teeth to improve their oral and general health and help them to gain more self-confidence