68,964 research outputs found
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²
The saving and investment pattern of different forms sample group was studied during 2014-16 and it was observed that large farm holders were able to save higher income than small farmers while lowest income group had negative savings. In respect of investment on different fixed assets, irrigation was on first priority, followed by purchase of milch animals, farms buildings and investment in land and its improvement. Investment on working capital amongst different cash inputs, hired human labourer accounted highest share (29.44 per cent), followed by manure & fertilizers (22.33 per cent), hired power tractor (16.96 per cent), irrigation (13.61 per cent) and seeds (13.50 per cent) to total cash inputs. Marginal farmers could not invest for nonfarm physical capital because of no savings with them. Small and large farmers groups invested in all the items in which it was highest in working capital (61.28 to 61.84 per cent), followed by investment in fixed capital (14.41 to 16.84 per cent), financial capital (12-14 per cent) and non-farm capital (7-12 per cent). The highest investment was made on working capital (69.02 per cent) by sample farmers. Current income was found to be the main source of finance in all income groups which accounted for 49.70 to 94.79 per cent share of the total investment followed by savings which shared for 40.10 to 49.12 per cent in total investment.Π‘ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2014-2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ°, Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ (29,44%), Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (22,33 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°), Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ (16,96%), ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡ (13,61%) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° (13,50%) ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π», Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» (ΠΎΡ 61,28 Π΄ΠΎ 61,84%), Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» (ΠΎΡ 14,41 Π΄ΠΎ 16,84%), ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» (12-14%) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» (7-12%). ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π» (69,02%) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
, Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ 49,70 Π΄ΠΎ 94,79% ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ 40,10 Π΄ΠΎ 49,12% ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ
Structure and variability in the corona of the ultrafast rotator LO Peg
Low-mass ultrafast rotators show the typical signatures of magnetic activity
and are known to produce flares, probably as a result of magnetic reconnection.
As a consequence, the coronae of these stars exhibit very large X-ray
luminosities and high plasma temperatures, as well as a pronounced inverse FIP
effect. To probe the relationship between the coronal properties with a
spectral type of ultra-fast rotators with rotation period P < 1d, we analyse
the K3 rapid-rotator LO Peg observed with XMM-Newton and compare it with other
low-mass rapid rotators of spectral types G9-M1. We investigate the temporal
evolution of coronal properties like the temperatures, emission measures,
abundances, densities and the morphology of the involved coronal structures. We
find two distinguishable levels of activity in the XMM-Newton observation of
LO~Peg, which shows significant X-ray variability both in phase and amplitude,
implying the presence of an evolving active region on the surface. The X-ray
flux varies by 28%, possibly due to rotational modulation. During our
observation, a large X-ray flare with a peak X-ray luminosity of 2E30 erg/s and
an energy of 7.3E33 erg was observed. At the flare onset we obtain clear
signatures for the occurrence of the Neupert effect. The flare plasma also
shows an enhancement of iron by a factor of 2 during the rise and peak phase of
the flare. Our modeling analysis suggests that the scale size of the flaring
X-ray plasma is smaller than 0.5 R_star. Further, the flare loop length appears
to be smaller than the pressure scale height of the flaring plasma. Our studies
show that the X-ray properties of the LO~Peg are very similar to those of other
low-mass ultrafast rotators, i.e., the X-ray luminosity is very close to
saturation, its coronal abundances follow a trend of increasing abundance with
increasing first ionisation potential, the so-called inverse FIP effect.Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures and 4 tables. Accepted for publication by
Astronomy and Astrophysic
A 10-day ASCA Observation of the Narrow-line Seyfert~1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809
(Abridged) We present an analysis of a 10-day continuous ASCA observation of
the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809. The soft (0.7-1.3 keV) and
hard (1.3-10 keV) X-ray band light curves binned to 5000s reveal trough-to-peak
variations by a factor >25 and 20, respectively. The light curves in the soft
and hard bands are strongly correlated without any significant delay. However,
this correlation is not entirely due to changes in the power-law flux alone but
also due to changes in the soft X-ray hump emission above the power law. The
presence of a soft X-ray hump below 2 keV, previously detected in ROSAT and
ASCA data, is confirmed. Time resolved spectroscopy using daily sampling
reveals changes in the power-law slope, with Gamma in the range 1.74-2.47,
however, day-to-day variations in Gamma are not significant. The Soft hump
emission is found to dominate the observed variability on a timescale of a
week, but on shorter timescales (20000s) the power-law component appears to
dominate the observed variability. Flux resolved spectroscopy reveals that at
high flux levels the power law becomes steeper and the soft hump more
pronounced. The steepening of the photon index with the fluxes in the soft and
hard bands can be understood in the framework of disk/corona models in which
accretion disk is heated by viscous dissipation as well as by reprocessing of
hard X-rays following an X-ray flare resulting from coronal dissipation through
magnetic reconnection events.Comment: 29 pages, 16 figures, To apear in A&
X-ray spectrum of the high polarization quasar PKS 1510-089
We present results on the X-ray spectra of the radio-loud, high-polarization
quasar, PKS 1510-089, based on new data obtained using ASCA, and from archival
ROSAT data. The X-ray spectrum obtained by ASCA is unusually hard, with the
photon index=1.30+-0.06, while the (non-simultaneous) ROSAT data indicate a
steeper spectrum (1.9+-0.3). The X-ray flux at 1 keV is within 10% during both
observations. A break in the underlying continuum at about 0.7 keV is
suggested. Flat X-ray spectra seem to be the characteristic of high
polarization quasars, and their spectra also appear to be harder than that of
the other radio-loud but low-polarization quasars. The multiwavelength spectrum
of PKS 1510-089 is similar to many other gamma-ray blazars, suggesting the
emission is dominated by that from a relativistic jet. A big blue-bump is also
seen in its multiwavelength spectrum, suggesting the presence of a strong
thermal component as well.Comment: 19 pages (Latex + 5 ps figures), Accpeted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journal, December 20, 199
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