Efficiency and Productivity Analysis of Cooperative Dairy Plants in Haryana and Punjab States of India

Since the 1970s, the policy of Indian government has been to promote dairy development on the basis of the cooperative organisations. During the 1990s the dairy industry in India was liberalised. This study examines the impact of the liberalisation policy on the cooperative dairy plants in India. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Fisher index approach are applied to measure economic efficiency and total productivity changes, respectively. The data involves 65 observations from a complete panel of 13 cooperative dairy plants from 1992/93 to 1996/97. The empirical results show that the deregulation and liberalisation of the dairy industry alone is not the answer.productivity, efficiency, Fisher index, Indian dairy processing, Agribusiness, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis,

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Optimal Energy Decay for the Damped Klein-Gordon Equation

In this dissertation we study the long time dynamics of damped Klein-Gordon and damped fractional Klein-Gordon equations using $C_0$- Semigroup theory and its application. The $C_0$-semigroups are used to solve a large class of problems commonly known as evolution equations. Such models arise from delay differential equations and partial differential equations in many disciplines including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and economics. Water waves, sound waves and simple harmonic motion of strings are few important models of evolution equations. The Klein-Gordon equation is a relativistic version of the Schr\"odinger equation. It was named after Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon who proposed it to describe quantum particles in the framework of relativity. It describes the motion of spinless composite particles. Indeed, one of the most fundamental questions that should be asked when studying these equations is whether the solution (if it exist) goes to equilibrium (stable) state or behaves erratically as time evolves. Understanding these properties can help determine how robust a system is, as well as provides insight on the characteristics of the corresponding phenomena it is modeling. In the first part we consider a one dimensional damped Klein-Gordon equation on the real line. It is well known fact that if there is no external force (i.e damping) acting in the system, the wave will oscillate forever in time since the energy is conserved in the system. An interesting question to ask is at what rate the energy starts leaving the system when we introduce damping force? This question was intensely studied in the last ten years. In this direction, Burq and Joly have proved that the energy decays at exponential rate if the damping force $\gamma(x)$ satisfies the geometric control condition (GCC) in a sense that there exist $T$, $\epsilon>0$, such that $\int_0^T\gamma(x(t))dt\geq \epsilon$ along every straight line unit speed trajectory. However, GCC does not provide an optimal condition to ensure exponential rate of energy decay. We address this problem in chapter 2 and provide optimal conditions on the damping coefficient $\gamma$ under which the exponential decay holds in one-dimensional setting. In addition, we derive simple to verify necessary and sufficient conditions for such exponential rate of decay. In the second part we relate the energy decay rate for the fractional damped wave equation to the order of its fractional derivative. In fact we prove that the energy decays at a polynomial rate if the order of derivative lies between $00$, such that $\int_0^T\gamma(x(t))dt\geq \epsilon$ along every straight line unit speed trajectory. However, GCC does not provide an optimal condition to ensure exponential rate of energy decay. We address this problem in chapter 2 and provide optimal conditions on the damping coefficient $\gamma$ under which the exponential decay holds in one-dimensional setting. In addition, we derive simple to verify necessary and sufficient conditions for such exponential rate of decay. In the second part we relate the energy decay rate for the fractional damped wave equation to the order of its fractional derivative. In fact we prove that the energy decays at a polynomial rate if the order of derivative lies between $0<s<2$ and at an exponential rate when $s\geq 2$ provided the damping coefficient is non-zero and periodic. An important ingredient of the proof is the derivation of a new observability estimate for the fractional Laplacain. Such important estimate has potential applications in control theory

Economic impact of zero tillage on wheat cultivation in Ambala (Haryana), India

The present study was conducted with the specific objective i.e. to analyze the economic impact of recourse conservation technology (zero tillage) as compare to conventional tillage practices on wheat cultivation in Ambala district of Haryana. The study revealed that there was significant impact of conservation practices, 22% human labour, 37% machine labour, 25% seed cost and 33% irrigation water was saved under zero tillage compared to conventional tillage (CT) method of wheat production. B: C ratio under zero tillage was 2.86 while underconventional method it was reduced to 2.56. Therefore, zero tillage was economically feasible. It was observed that through the zero tillage farmers can get 3% more yield. The net returns in ZT of wheat production were higher by 4% as compared to CT method. In case of zero tillage, economic efficiency measure was 0.61 as compared to 0.34 in conventional system of wheat cultivation. The research work conducted was holistic in nature combining various elements of technology, resource conservation and economics

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Unexplored photoluminescence from bulk and mechanically exfoliated few layers of Bi2Te3

We report the exotic photoluminescence (PL) behaviour of 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3 single crystals grown by customized self-flux method and mechanically exfoliated few layers (18 plus minus 2 nm)/thin flakes obtained by standard scotch tape method from as grown Bi2Te3 crystals.The experimental PL studies on bulk single crystal and mechanically exfoliated few layers of Bi2Te3 evidenced a broad red emission in the visible region. These findings are in good agreement with our theoretical results obtained using the ab initio density functional theory framework.Comment: Main MS (17 Pages text including 4 Figs): Suppl. info. (4 pages); Accepted Scientific Report

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