Channels Reallocation In Cognitive Radio Networks Based On DNA Sequence Alignment

Nowadays, It has been shown that spectrum scarcity increased due to tremendous growth of new players in wireless base system by the evolution of the radio communication. Resent survey found that there are many areas of the radio spectrum that are occupied by authorized user/primary user (PU), which are not fully utilized. Cognitive radios (CR) prove to next generation wireless communication system that proposed as a way to reuse this under-utilised spectrum in an opportunistic and non-interfering basis. A CR is a self-directed entity in a wireless communications environment that senses its environment, tracks changes, and reacts upon its findings and frequently exchanges information with the networks for secondary user (SU). However, CR facing collision problem with tracks changes i.e. reallocating of other empty channels for SU while PU arrives. In this paper, channels reallocation technique based on DNA sequence alignment algorithm for CR networks has been proposed.Comment: 12 page

Thymoquinone inhibits prostate cancer progression by modulating Cytochrome P450 (CYPs)

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality remain high in African American (AA) than Caucasian American (CA) men. Multiple factors contribute to this critical disease disparity, androgen receptors (AR), and differences among variants of the genes such as Cytochrome P450 (CYP) are involved in androgen biosynthesis and metabolism that may switch to gene regulation for prostate growth. However, inhibitors have been approved for CYP genes, the major pitfall, undesirable side effects, and quality of life in those patients. Therefore, targeting CYPs with a natural compound, Thymoquinone (TQ), a constituent of Nigella sativa (black seed), potentially safe and curative option for PCa patients. Methods: Cell viability assay (MTT) was performed to determine IC50 value in PCa cells (MDAPCa2b (AA) and LNCaP (CA) with varying concentrations of TQ for different time intervals. Further, Live/Dead cell assay, 3D invasion, migration, immunofluorescence (IF), qRT-PCR, and western blots were used to detect the role of TQ for the expression of CYPs gene. Results: Cell viability assay determines the optimal IC50 value of TQ in both cell lines. We showed overexpression of CYP3A4 and CYP17A1 stimulates proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of PCa cells. However, treatment with TQ significantly downregulated the expression of these genes in PCa cells. Further, TQ exhibits high specificity for MDAPCa2b compared to LNCaP cells, confirmed by IF and immunoblots. Conclusions: These results demonstrate TQ could be the potent inhibitor of the active sites of the Cytochrome P450 enzymes and be used as potential therapeutics for men of African descent

Communicative Language Teaching

It has been noticed that the goal of the most of the methods whether it is Audio- Visual, the Direct method, the Silent Way or De-suggestopedia so far is for students to learn to communicate in the target language. In the 1970s, though, educators began to question if they were going about meeting the goal in the right way. Some observed that students could produce sentences accurately in a lesson, but could not use them appropriately when genuinely communicating outside of the class-room. Others noted that being able to communicate required more than mastering linguistic structures. Students may know the rules of linguistic usage, but unable to use the language. It became clear that communication required that students perform certain functions as well as, promising, inviting and declining invitations within a social context. In short, being able to communicate required more than linguistic competence, it required communicative competence – knowing when and how to say what to whom. All these observations, done at various times contributed to a shift in the late 1970s and early 1980s from a linguistic structure –centered approach to Communicative Approach or Communicative Language Teaching Approach (Widdowson 1990)

LEARNet Dynamic Imaging Network for Micro Expression Recognition

Unlike prevalent facial expressions, micro expressions have subtle, involuntary muscle movements which are short-lived in nature. These minute muscle movements reflect true emotions of a person. Due to the short duration and low intensity, these micro-expressions are very difficult to perceive and interpret correctly. In this paper, we propose the dynamic representation of micro-expressions to preserve facial movement information of a video in a single frame. We also propose a Lateral Accretive Hybrid Network (LEARNet) to capture micro-level features of an expression in the facial region. The LEARNet refines the salient expression features in accretive manner by incorporating accretion layers (AL) in the network. The response of the AL holds the hybrid feature maps generated by prior laterally connected convolution layers. Moreover, LEARNet architecture incorporates the cross decoupled relationship between convolution layers which helps in preserving the tiny but influential facial muscle change information. The visual responses of the proposed LEARNet depict the effectiveness of the system by preserving both high- and micro-level edge features of facial expression. The effectiveness of the proposed LEARNet is evaluated on four benchmark datasets: CASME-I, CASME-II, CAS(ME)^2 and SMIC. The experimental results after investigation show a significant improvement of 4.03%, 1.90%, 1.79% and 2.82% as compared with ResNet on CASME-I, CASME-II, CAS(ME)^2 and SMIC datasets respectively.Comment: Dynamic imaging, accretion, lateral, micro expression recognitio

An experimental study to investigate the effects of venlafaxine and escitalopram on anticonvulsant activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs in mice

Background: Depression is a common psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy which remains often untreated, due to concern of antidepressant induced seizures. The safety status of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in epileptics is controversial.Methods: Phase I acute effect of venlafaxine and escitalopram on the seizure threshold was studied. Phase II, the acute effects of test ADDs on the effective dose of AEDs viz valproate, phenobarbitone and phenytoin were studied in maximal electroshock (MES). Phase III- same study design as in phase II except that AEDs and ADDs were administered daily for 28 days.Results: Venlafaxine raised the electroconvulsive threshold in a dose dependant manner in phase I, however it was significant at a dose of 25mg/kg. In phase II, a significant reduction in ED50 of valproate was observed when it was co-administered with venlafaxine at dose of 12.5 and 25mg/kg, whereas ED50 of phenobarbitone was significantly reduced at a dose of 25mg/kg. Chronic administration of venlafaxine at 12.5mg/kg daily reduced ED50 of valproate. At 25mg/kg daily ED50 of all the three studied AEDs was reduced, Escitalopram 8mg/kg significantly raised the electroconvulsive threshold value in phase 1, Escitalopram administered in the dose of 8mg/kg reduced the ed50 value of valproate. Escitalopram given in dose of 4 and 8mg/kg reduced the ED50 value of valproate.Conclusions: From this finding, it may be concluded that venlafaxine and escitalopram administered either alone or in combination with AEDs acutely or chronically, exhibit anticonvulsant action

IRIDIUM CHEMISTRY AND ITS CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS: A BRIEF

Iridium is very important element among the all transition metals with highest reported oxidation state i.e. +9 in gas phase existing species IrO4+. Instead of its less reactivity, it forms number of compounds having oxidation states between -3 to +9. It is second known densest element after osmium. Till now its toxicity and environmental impact is not much more reported and thus it may be use as green element in various fields of its application. Reason behinds it’s less toxicity and environmental impact may be due to its less reactivity and solubility. Corrosion and heat resistant properties of Iridium makes it much more useful element for alloying purpose. Iridium is the member of platinum family and used as catalyst due to its variable oxidation states. Iridium(III) complexes show great catalytic activity in both the acidic and basic medium for various organic as well as inorganic chemical transformations. Catalyst may be defined as the substance which can increases the rate of reaction of a specific chemical reaction without changing its own composition. Iridium is only one reported catalyst which is able to capture the sunlight and convert it into the chemical energy. Thus, it may be used in artificial photosynthesis process to solve our future food problem. Instead of these advantage, Iridium chemistry and its catalytic activity is not much reviewed till date, therefore, present review includes a brief introduction about chemistry and catalytic application of Iridium, which proof itself a boon for beginners to start their research career  in the field of Iridium chemistry

Audio Watermarking Scheme in MDCT Domain

In our proposed watermark embedding system, the original audio is segmented into overlapping frames. The psychoacoustic auditory model has been utilized to calculate the global threshold in modified discrete cosine transform domain. The perceptual insignificant locations have been used to insert the appropriately scaled watermark in the transform domain. Blind detection of watermark has been performed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed watermarking system is perceptually transparent and robust against various kind of attacks such as AWGN addition and MP3 compression

Cohesion: its Types

Whenever we read a passage or hear some conversation, we find certain resources which determine whether the passage/conversation is a unified whole or not, whether it is meaningful or not. These elements or resources which provide organization to the passage or the conversation not only make it meaningful but also coherent. Thus, the elements which help us to make out the meaning are called cohesive devices and their act of providing coherence is called cohesion