Abolish Trademark Law\u27s Initial Interest Confusion and Permit Manipulative Internet Search Practices

This article discusses trademark law’s doctrine of initial interest confusion, which is currently applied to Internet cases. First, it argues that the doctrine is problematic because it does not require the traditional showing of likelihood of confusion, it is superfluous, and it is unnecessary in the Internet context. Second, it proposes that courts should instead rely on the likelihood of confusion analysis. Additionally, courts should acknowledge that metatags are an outdated issue, and, when it comes to domain names, they should make use of the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (“ACPA”)

Synthesis and Characterisation of Metallic Coating by Pulsed DC

Metallic coating is given to provide a layer of protection to metals or other types of materials that are subjected to various harsh operating conditions like high temperature, contact surfaces, corrosive media, high stress and other surface degrading conditions. These coatings help to enhance the reliability and performance of industrial. These coatings are used in industries such as aerospace, defense, military and automotive. Some of the most common metallic coatings that can be applied to substrate are Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn and Au. In this project Nickel coating was given to mild steel substrate as Nickel gives a anti corrosive coating to the steel surface and also enhances the hardness value of the surface. Nickel is now extensively used in industrial applications for Decorative as well as Engineering purposes because of its bright appearance and resistance to corrosion property. Nickel deposition was carried out using Watts Bath and deposition was carried out by electrodeposition method. Electrodeposition is the fastest and simplest method of providing coating to any substance. Deposit characteristic can be modified by changing various operating parameters like current density, temperature and pH of the solution. Use of pulse DC gives more control over the microstructure and morphology of deposit. Ten different samples were given coating, one used as reference sample was given coating in presence of DC and others using pulsed DC. In case of pulse DC three different parameters can be varied to give different features to deposit namely peak current, TON and TOFF. Finer grains can be obtained using pulse DC. After the deposition completed, the coating was characterizes by XRD, SEM and hardness measurement

Early prediction of pregnancy induced hypertension by colour Doppler and role of antioxidants

Background: Hypertension is one of the commonest medical complications during pregnancy and a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of color Doppler in predicting pregnancy induced hypertension at early gestation by assessing blood flow velocity profile and to assess the role of antioxidants in reducing the oxidative stress of the disease by their effect on pregnancy outcome.Methods: The study was carried as a blind prospective study in 310 antenatal patients attending the outpatient department and indoor cases of upper India sugar exchange maternity hospital, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India for a period of 18 months.Results: Early trimester colour Doppler ultrasonography has an excellent role to play as a predictor of pregnancy induced hypertension. However the role of antioxidant supplementation in early pregnancy for amelioration of the process could not be justified.Conclusions: From the above study it is concluded that early trimester colour Doppler ultrasonography has an excellent role to play as a predictor of pregnancy induced hypertension

Streamlining the Processes Preceding an Operation Using Six Sigma

Purpose: The operation theatre is the major cost and revenue centre in a hospital. The operation theatre’s optimum utilization will not only increase the revenue for the hospital but will also have a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction, for both internal and external customers. The present study aims in improving the existing process in an operation theatre suite of a tertiary care private hospital in Siliguri (West Bengal), which suffers from a process related problem, delay in scheduling operations (Sigma level 2.17), as found out in the Pilot Study. The study is carried out to improve the sigma level. Aligning with it, the operation theatre utilization is calculated with the objective of its bench marking, as per industry standards. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is conducted within the framework of Defining, Measuring, Analysing, Improving, and Controlling (DMAIC) method of Six Sigma. To begin with, the Pilot Study is carried out to identify and define the problem. At the measuring and analysing stage, Pareto analysis technique is employed, aided by the Cause and Effect diagram. After the identification, causes are categorised as controllable and uncontrollable. This is followed by a brainstorming session, which is conducted in order to work out solutions relating to controllable causes. The Time Motion study data of 192 surgery cases is collected for the pre-implementation phase, while that of 236 surgery cases is collected for the post-implementation phase. An independent t test is carried out to find out the difference in the outcomes, both in the pre-implementation and the post-implementation phases, thereby reflecting the effectiveness of the solutions implemented. Findings: The baseline sigma level of 2.17 is improved to reach the 3.0 sigma level, concerning delay of scheduled operations. This is achieved by reducing the time lag that is experienced when shifting the patient from the Ward to the Operation Theatre, as also that relating to the cleaning and setting up of the Operation Theatre, between two surgeries. Practical implications: Reducing the set up and the cleaning time between two procedures helps in reducing the delay in scheduled operations, which can be achieved by the practice of shifting the patient one hour prior to the scheduled surgery. Similarly, when more surgeries need to be performed, their turnaround time can be reduced by deploying an adequate number of housekeeping staff. Thus, more number of surgeries can be done in a day and operation theatre utilization can be optimised

Understanding the Impact of Early Citers on Long-Term Scientific Impact

This paper explores an interesting new dimension to the challenging problem of predicting long-term scientific impact (LTSI) usually measured by the number of citations accumulated by a paper in the long-term. It is well known that early citations (within 1-2 years after publication) acquired by a paper positively affects its LTSI. However, there is no work that investigates if the set of authors who bring in these early citations to a paper also affect its LTSI. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time, the impact of these authors whom we call early citers (EC) on the LTSI of a paper. Note that this study of the complex dynamics of EC introduces a brand new paradigm in citation behavior analysis. Using a massive computer science bibliographic dataset we identify two distinct categories of EC - we call those authors who have high overall publication/citation count in the dataset as influential and the rest of the authors as non-influential. We investigate three characteristic properties of EC and present an extensive analysis of how each category correlates with LTSI in terms of these properties. In contrast to popular perception, we find that influential EC negatively affects LTSI possibly owing to attention stealing. To motivate this, we present several representative examples from the dataset. A closer inspection of the collaboration network reveals that this stealing effect is more profound if an EC is nearer to the authors of the paper being investigated. As an intuitive use case, we show that incorporating EC properties in the state-of-the-art supervised citation prediction models leads to high performance margins. At the closing, we present an online portal to visualize EC statistics along with the prediction results for a given query paper

Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia.

INTRODUCTION: The search for effective therapeutic interventions for sickle cell disease (SCD) has been an ongoing endeavor for over 50 years. During this period, only hydroxyurea (HU), which received US FDA approval in February 1998, was identified as an effective therapeutic agent in preventing or ameliorating the frequency of vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome and the need for blood transfusion. Approximately 25% of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA), however, do not respond to HU and some patients experiencing serious side effects of this chemotherapeutic agent. Nevertheless, the success of HU opened the sluice gates to identify other effective drug therapies. The objective of this review is to describe the emerging drug therapies for SCA. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we describe the pathophysiology of SCD and provide an in-depth analysis of the current and new pharmacologic therapies in the field. Literature searches involved multiple databases including Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus. EXPERT OPINION: SCA is a heterogeneous disease that has caused tremendous global morbidity and early mortality. More effective, individualized and inexpensive therapies are needed. New therapies targeting multiple pathways in its complex pathophysiology are under investigation

Patch Immunization: Transcutaneous Vaccination for the Cholera Toxin and Optimization of Immunization Cycles

The main point of this analysis was to investigate the diffusion of the cholera vaccination through specific layers of the skin. The antigen was initially modeled through the skin directly to the blood stream. The antigen was also modeled with the presence of a network of Langerhans cells. There was a smooth concentration profile in the skin after one week of patch exposure in the absence of the LC network. However, there was discontinuity in the concentration profile when the LC network was present. The LC network functioned as a large enough sink term that the flux into the bloodstream was virtually zero. Therefore, we concluded that the LC network alone can create a cutaneous immune response. The LC network was enhanced with the presence of Imiquimod, a typical immune response modifier. The modifier increased the activity of the LC network, thus increasing the reaction rate of the LC cells. With Imiquimod there was a sharper discontinuity in the concentration profile at the LC network and the antigen flux into the blood stream is zero. The most effective enhancer tested was the MEMs microneedles, which increased the porosity of the skin and thus the diffusivity of the antigen through the skin. Contour plots of the skin showed absolute diffusion and consumption of the antigen into the LC network, while only partial consumption with the other enhancers tested. Concentration gradients were present in the ultrasonically and photo mechanically enhanced skin because they had weaker enhancing capabilities compared to the MEMs needles. The MEMs needles are the most effective in mass transfer, but are also the most evasive. Vaccines are usually given in cycles to increase the concentration of the antigen in the skin and bloodstream. When the patch was applied to the skin with no enhancer, the maximum concentration was achieved after 2.3 days. However, the maximum concentration in the skin is achieved sooner with the various adjuvants. For example, when the patch is applied with MEMs needles, the maximal concentration is achieved in the skin only after 1.2 hours of exposure. Immunization cycles presented in Glenn et al were simulated to determine the approximate concentration of the antigen at the center of the skin needed for an immune response. This concentration is 0.0038 mol/m^3. Therefore, it was assumed that if the concentration in the skin is close to this value, then an immune response will be initiated. The immunization cycles for each adjuvant used were then optimized