A Study of Rating Curve and Flood Routing using Numerical Method

The stage discharge curve, depth-averaged velocity and boundary shear stress distributions are essentially determined for the flood extenuation scheme. The difficulties aroused in prediction of these parameters are usually due to the 3D nature of the fluid flow in open channel. The current study represents different analytical model for velocity distribution, boundary shear stress and stage-discharge curves and their application to the trapezoidal compound channel. The analytical solution to the depth-integrated Navier-Stokes equation is used for the same and their results are validated using experimental data. These parameters are not easy to predict because of the three-dimensional characteristics of the flow field. The model proposed by Shiono and Knight (1988, 1991) is compared with those by Ervine et al. (2000), Kordi et al. (2015) and K-ε model (ANSYS) through numerical modelling. This test shows that secondary flow parameter plays a vital role and its significance proliferates near side slope where momentum transfer from the main channel to flood plain is observed. The contrast in the results are shown with the help of lateral variation in percentage error. The flood routing is an important technique to determine the flood peak attenuation and the duration of the high water levels through channel routing. Beside stage-discharge curve, hydrographs also plays a vital role in flood prediction and forecasting. The present study shows the application of hydrological methods for channel routing, the constant coefficient Muskingum-Cunge (MC) methods on the River Brosna, Co. Offaly in Ireland. The results obtained are validated by two software packages MIKE 11 and HEC-RAS beside that the method ensuring the mass balance of the model is tested in terms of water storage. The results of all the tests are plotted and verified with respect to the mass conservation criteria. Data sets of the River Brosna, Co. Offaly in Ireland is taken from the Elbashir (2011) for the November 1994 flood event

Correlation between value of Hba1c and degree of sensorineural hearing loss in type 2 diabetics

Background: Diabetes mellitus and hearing loss are common public health problems. Sensorineural hearing loss in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is an underestimated complication. The aim was to study the correlation between level of HbA1c and degree of sensorineural hearing loss. Methods: It was a cross sectional study carried on 130 known cases of T2DM, aged 25-50 years. Various confounding factors such as coexisting hypertension, ear disease, ototoxic drug intake, any neuropathic disorder was excluded in advance. All patients underwent clinical ear examination and pure tone audiometry test. Their level of HbA1c was measured. This value of HbA1c was correlated with the hearing threshold. Results: Out of 130, 58 subjects had normal hearing while 72 had hearing impairment. Among subjects (72 out of 130) having hearing impairment, significant correlation (p-value 0.035 for right ear and 0.029 for left ear) between hearing threshold and HbA1c was found. Also, level of HbA1c significantly (p-value 0.049) correlated with degree of hearing loss. Conclusions: Hearing loss is an underestimated complication of T2DM. This needs to be addressed with periodic hearing assessment of diabetes patients

Demographic profile and functional outcome following fixation of malleolar fractures in adults

Background: Malleolus are important structures which forms part of ankle mortise and provide stability to it. This article underlines the current demographic profile of patients sustaining malleolar fractures in adults. It also discusses the modalities of treatment and functional outcomes following open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures as well as the improvement in functional outcome following early mobilization.Methods: 30 patients sustaining malleolar fractures who attended the Department of Orthopedics were included in the study. The patients were operated as and when the soft tissue condition permitted and were followed up in outpatient department at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months where functional outcome based on Baird and Jackson scoring system was assessed.Results: In this study, the average age of patients was 43.8 years with a male preponderance. Supination-external rotation was the most common mechanism of injury following a slip or twisting injury. According to Baird and Jackson scoring system 20% patients had excellent, 50% patients had good results, 20% patients had fair results and 10% patients had poor results.Conclusions: 70% patients had excellent to good results following fixation of malleolar fractures. Early mobilization was started in 5 patients with 80% patients showing excellent results. Open reduction and Internal fixation proved to be an excellent procedure leading to union in all cases, less complication and early resumption of routine activities.

Design and Performance Evaluation of An Arduino Based Activity Tracker

Fitness band is an activity tracker that monitors the overall health of the wearer and helps us to predict the fitness plan to be followed on the basis of the number of footstep of the wearer over span of time. The band is connected to an android app where it can show user the various stats monitored by the band and the possible health plan which can be used to achieve the necessary health goals. The fitness band will also help in informing family members in case of some medical emergency

Assessment of phototherapy-induced hypocalcemia and its correlation with urinary calcium excretion in term and preterm newborns with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: A cross-sectional study with controls

Introduction: Although hypocalcemia is often proposed to be associated with phototherapy in both term and preterm newborns, its exact incidence, clinical significance, and underlying mechanism still remain to be elucidated. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypocalcemia and its etiopathogenesis in terms of urinary calcium excretion. Methods: This study was carried out in a tertiary care center in North India with 50 neonates (29 term and 21 preterm) in the test group receiving single surface phototherapy. The other 50 age, sex, and gestational age-matched neonates were taken as controls who did not receive phototherapy. Serum calcium levels at 0 and 48 h and urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (mg/mg) at0 and 24 h of starting phototherapy were determined in both the groups and compared. Results: Total 12 preterm (57.1%) and 9 term newborns (31%) developed hypocalcemia after 48 h of phototherapy. The mean difference of serum ionized calcium between two groups was statistically significant at 48 h (4.58 mg/dl in the test group vs. 4.94 mg/dl in the control group, p<0.001). Percentage change in mean of urinary calcium/creatinine ratio at 24 h from baseline was 1.39% in the control group while it was 60.7% in the test group with statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between two groups. Only a weak negative correlation between serum ionized calcium and urinary calcium/creatinine ratio with correlation coefficient r=−0.316 could be established in the study among both term and preterm neonates. Conclusion: Both preterm and termneonates undergoing phototherapy are at increased risk for hypocalcemia and increased urinary calcium excretion. A universal recommendation regarding calcium supplementation in neonates undergoing phototherapy is yet to be established but seems like a reasonable intervention.&nbsp

Using Travertine in Pervious Pavement to Control Urban-Flooding and Storm Water Quality

The conventional methods for controlling urban-flooding are to build raceway networks to transfer flood water away as quickly as possible. However, due to fast increase of urban population, the conventional methods are facing some problems especially when rainfall intensity is higher than design expectation. The main reason for such problems are due to impervious surfaces. Therefore, pervious pavements, such as porous asphalts or pervious concrete blocks, are now recommended to use by environmental engineers. Compared with conventional pavement surfaces, pervious pavements have lots of benefits although they are relatively expensive to build. This paper introduces the mineral rock of Travertine as the materials for pervious pavements, and describes an experimental model to determine the inflation patterns and storm water quality improvement in flood precipitating simulation. The results indicated that Travertine pavement can not only decrease more than 90%of Copper, Lead and Zinc but also play an important role in urban-flood management with a 50% decrease of storm water

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF YELLOW-BILLED BABBLER (TURDOIDES AFFINIS) FEATHERS REVEALS UNIFORMITY IN THEIR MICROSTRUCTURES AMONG INDIVIDUALS

Though a few in numbers, investigations on feather microstructures from the early 20th century till date, have contributed immensely to various fields such as phylogeny, palaeontology, archaeology, wildlife forensic, biomechanics and so on. However, existing studies on feather micro-structures of birds endemic to the India/Indian sub-continent are few in number and limited in their scope. Also, no study has ever been conducted to compare feather microstructures of different individuals of a species from India. To address this issue, a comparative feather microstructure study of three individuals of Turdoides affinis, a passerine endemic to the Indian sub-continent was done. Select microstructure parameters for five different types of feathers were studied in detail. The molecular sexing method was used to elucidate the sex of T. affinis individuals for gender based differences if any. Results of the study identified that two of T. affinis individuals were female whereas one of them was male. Morphometrically, tail contour was the longest (9.63±0.76 cm) and bristle were the shortest (1.00±0.07 cm) feather. Semiplume had the longest barb length (1.73±0.04 cm) and shortest barbs (0.16±0.01 cm) were present in bristles. Subpennaceous barbs and knob-shaped villi, characteristic of members of the Passeriformes family, was also observed in all three individuals. This study records no significant difference in feather characteristics amongst the three T. affinis individuals irrespective of the differences in their sex and size. Systematically documented feather micro-characteristics of T. affinis in this study could be used as a species identification tool and would provide baseline data for the feather catalogue of Indian bird species being compiled at SACON

Role of diffusion weighted MR imaging in differentiating benign from malignant prostate lesions

Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted MR imaging and to propose a cut off ADC value in differentiating benign from malignant prostatic lesions considering histopathology as gold standard.Methods: It is a descriptive type of observational study done on 40 patients with clinical suspicion of prostate carcinoma and elevated PSA level more than 4ng/ml. The patients underwent Multiparametric prostate MRI and ADC values were calculated using ADC maps.Results: Of the 40 cases included in the study histopathology revealed a diagnosis of abscess (1), chronic prostatitis (2), BPH with chronic prostatitis (4), BPH (12), and malignancy (21). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of ADC values for the abscess (0.59), CP (0.83+0.16), BPH with CP (0.94+0.22), BPH (1.14+0.14) and malignancy (0.72+0.15) (x10-3mm2/s) were found in our study. The mean ADC value of malignant lesion was lower (0.727+0.149) as compare to benign lesion (1.034+0.216) and this difference was found to be statistically significant with p<0.001. By using ROC curve, ADC cut off value was calculated as 0.92 x 10-3mm2/s and sensitivity, specificity at this cut off value of ADC were 95.24% and 73.68% respectively. The PPV, NPV, diagnostic accuracy of at this cut off value of ADC were 80%, 93.33%, 85% respectively.Conclusions: Our study shows that DWI with ADC calculation helps in differentiation of Benign from Malignant prostatic lesions with high accuracy and this quantitative analysis should be incorporated in routine MRI evaluation of prostatic lesion