Trade and industrial development of Fiji with special reference to the period since 1970: a review of growth and constraints in an island developing country

This thesis examines the trade and industrial development of Fiji particularly in the post-1970 period and the government’s attempts to achieve economic diversification, to assess how successful they have been and to determine how much success or failure is the result of objective constraints imposed by smallness and remoteness and through government’s intervention in the economy. In particular, the study investigates the importance of trade and industrial development, both by the public and private sectors, in stimulating economic development, and shows how much each has contributed towards the process of diversification. It is the basic contention of this thesis that the historic economy of island developing countries such as Fiji, and indeed of the South Pacific, has tended to be monocultural, mainly due to the special problems posed by small size, relative isolation and cultural constraints to economic development. These factors inevitably influence investment policy and development priorities. In view of its narrow base, the Fiji economy has been subject to fluctuations, sometimes with high amplitudes, in the wake of supply disturbances, such as following natural disasters, the external shock of commodity price variations, escalations in the oil prices and down-turns in the world economy. The study shows that despite these constraints, Fiji to some extent has been successful in its efforts to diversify by creating a congenial investment climate for both foreign and local investment, by the cultivation of a greater mutual mutual trust between the public and the private sector and by encouraging foreign investment in appropriate areas without any undue restrictions, a feature common to many developing countries. The process of investment by the private (predominantly foreign) sector and the public sector has been regarded as one of partnership to the mutual benefit of both sectors and the nation’s development. This investment has been the major weapon in alleviating the problem of unemployment and under-employment through the creation of more job opportunities and has been an important means of rectifying internal imbalances and inequalities. A number of important industries, albeit still relatively small in size, are in place. These include gold and fisheries, which feature as important employers and the source of foreign exchange. Pine plantations are now being harvested for timber and for conversion into wood chips. It is expected that the timber industry, after the harvesting and the processing of the pine and the hardwood plantation trees peak, will rival sugar as the most important source of foreign exchange for the country. Manufacturing, particularly of garments, has started to grow rapidly, mostly due to favourable trade agreements and the establishment of export processing zones with well-designed incentive packages to attract foreign investors to operate on their own or on a joint venture basis. The study concludes that the government’s strategy of diversification of the economy by supporting the development of industry, agriculture and tourism is slowly changing the structure of the Fiji economy, although the process may be a long one due to the fact that sugar is still of fundamental importance as a substantial contributor to government’s revenue, a significant provider of employment and the leading export earner

Modified Ratio and Product Estimators for Population Mean in Systematic Sampling

The estimation of population mean in systematic sampling is explored. Properties of a ratio and product estimator that have been suggested in systematic sampling are investigated, along with the properties of double sampling. Following Swain (1964), the cost aspect is also discussed

Blood Levels of 5-Bromo-2\u27-Deoxyuridine in Intraperitoneal Infusion for Determination of Sister Chromatid Exchange Induction Using HPLC

A new technique was developed to measure the amount of 5-bromo-2 \u27-deoxyurdine (BrdUrd), a thymidine analogue, rapidly and conveniently in blood, and it was applied to measure the concentration of BrdUrd during the initiation of a paradigm for the labeling of DNA to measure the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) by genotoxic agents. Radio labelled BrdUrd was used and blood was drawn from the abdominal aorta in pregnant Sprague-Dawley derived D rats. Using the hplc, the BrdUrd peak was easily identifiable and separable from its metabolites. The BrdUrd level in the blood stabilized in 30 minutes, and a level of about .4 mg% was enough to label the bone marrow and fetal tissue for SCE. Also, the time course of the BrdUrd metabolites suggest a constant BrdUrd metabolism by the organism. Using absorbance alone, blood levels of BrdUrd during paradigms of biological significance can be measured

Indian Journal of Animal Science: a scientometric assessment and application of Lotka's Law (2015-2020)

This paper analyse the scientometric attributes of the publications that appeared in the Indian Journal of Animal Science, a scientific journal in animal breeding, physiology, nutrition, dairying, animal production and fisheries, etc. from 2015 to 2020. The bibliographic records of publications were retrieved from the Web of Science database and retrieved 1720 research papers. The collected data were analysed by using Web of Science and biblioshiny software. The results revealed that the maximum number of research papers were published during the year 2020 and also received maximum citations in the same year. The research contribution also followed the Lotka’s Law and found that the maximum contribution was given by the researchers of ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly and the highest research publications were from India

Therapeutic effect of hydroethanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. against N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea-induced mammary tumors in Wistar rats

This study evaluated the therapeutic action of hydroethanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (TPE) on N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors in Wistar rats. A hydroethanolic was prepared and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening. After acclimatization, Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each: Group A (vehicle control), Group B (TPE control), Group C (TPE treatment) and group D (NMU control). NMU (50 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally at 50, 80 and 110 days of age. After the induction of palpable tumors,the rats were administered 200 mg/kg bw of TPE by oral gavage for 2 months. The treatment with TPE significantly (p<0.05) decreased tumor incidence, frequency, size and malignancy in comparison to the tumor-bearing rats that were not administered TPE. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TPE treatment significantly reduced the expression of PCNA, VEGF, ER-α and ER-β, and caused non-significant reductions in matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9). Caspase-3 expression significantly increased in TPE-treated rats in comparison with NMU-treated controls. The qRT-PCR resultsshowed PCNA and ER-β expression was down regulated and caspase-3 expression was up regulated in the TPE-treated group. The present study showed the in vivo therapeutic action of TPE extract on NMU-induced mammary tumors. TPE exhibited antitumor activity through its antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic, and estrogen receptor-modulatory properties

Response of rhizobium inoculation on growth and productivity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-greacum) under salt stress condition

Soil salinity is a major restriction to crop production in many areas of the world. Crops growing in salt-affected soils may suffer from many physiological stress and ion toxicity which then lead to reduced growth and productivity. The present study was under taken on the effect of salinity and rhizobium inoculated seeds on plant growth and productivity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-greacum L.) cultivars (NDM-17 and Pusa Kasauri). The pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replicates. Two sets of pot trails were maintained in which one inoculated with effective rhizobium strain (Rhizobium meliloti) while other set was uninoculated. Both sets were irrigated with saline water of different electrical conductivities (0, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14 dS/m). Salinity stress registered the highest detrimental effects on growth and productivity. Present findings revealed that the inoculated seeds with effective rhizobium strain minimized the deleterious effect of salinity at all levels. The maximum growth and productivity was found in NDM-17 in both sets inoculated and uninoculated with rhizobium as compared to Pusa Kasauri

Study of ambient air pollutants over Rishikesh at foothills of north-western Indian Himalaya

49-60Air quality parameters measured over Rishikesh city of Uttarakhand, where a large number of visitors and pilgrimage stay and pass by throughout the year are analyzed and studied. Such intensive human activities lead to the impacts and its manifestation on regional scale environment. Due to consistent infrastructure development and the increased vehicular emission due to transport, a large amount of particulate matters is added to the ambient environment and affects the air quality adversely. Here an attempt is made to understand the growth in level of ambient air pollutants through available measurement. In this study particulate matter (PM10), suspended particulate matters (SPMs) and the concentration of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) from 2011 to 2014 are measured and analyzed. It is observed that concentrations of the pollutants increase during pre-monsoon season as compared to the winter and monsoon seasons. In addition, PM10 and SPM concentrations are found about two times higher than the prescribed national standard. SO2 and NO2 levels are found within the limits as proposed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) New Delhi, India. A detailed statistical analysis is carried out on the basis of monthly mean values of the observed pollutants. The PM10 exhibits a significant positive correlation with SO2 and NO2 concentrations. In addition, back trajectories show partly long-term transport from North Africa, Saudi Arabia and central Asian region in contributing over the region with local emission that is considered to be the main and direct cause of increasing trend of the pollutants