INFLUENECE OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE INFECTION IN TALL FESCUE AND PERENNIAL RYEGRASS ON SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND LITTER DECOMPOSITION IN LOW INPUT TURFGRASS SYESTEMS

Turf type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) are commonly used for lawns and golf courses in the Northeast and Midwestern United States. These species differ in growth habits, drought tolerance, resistance to herbivory, and form mutualistic associations with Neotyphodium endophytes (Clavicipitaceae). Therefore, we hypothesized that the grass species will differ in the amount of soil organic carbon C sequestered and the endophyte infection will also influence C sequestration. Plots with low (<30% of plants) and high (80-95%) endophyte infection levels were established in 1999 and were managed by mowing, without any fertilizer and pesticide inputs. In 2006, soil organic C (SOC) and its labile fractions, including microbial biomass C (MBC) and dissolved organic C (DOC) pools were measured separately for depths 0-30mm, 30-60mm, 60-90mm, and 90-120mm. Litter bags were incubated on site to determine the effect of the endophyte on decomposition of grass clippings. C pools did not differ significantly between the four treatments and averaged 25.9(±1.8) Mg ha-1 SOC, 305.2(±23.1) kg ha-1 MBC, and 62.7(±5.4) kg ha-1 DOC in 0-120mm depth. In all treatments, greater SOC and MBC pools (p<0.001) were present in 0-30mm depth as compared to lower 3 depths. Litter bag extractions showed that the proportion of remaining leaf litter was the same in all treatments and times except for the second, third, and fourth sampling dates. We conclude that carbon sequestration was not influenced by either the grass species or endophyte level during the studied 7 year period.URBAN LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PROGRAM, WOOSTER, OHI

Assessment of pneumonia and its association with the hyponatremia an observational study

Background: To assess pneumonia and its association with thehyponatremia.Material and methods:A prospective evaluation study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital,Patna, Bihar India fromOct 2019 to March 2020.Total 100 children of aged 0-5 years identified with the pneumonia were enrolled in the present study. The diagnosis of bronchiolitis was made by the primary critical care physician at time of admission on the basis of clinical signs of tachypnea, hypoxia, rhinorrhoea, cough, wheeze, subcostal or intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, and grunting. Venous blood samples were obtained and analysed for serum sodium by flame photometry. Result: Total 100 patient were included in this study .The mean Body temperature 37.740C, WBC count (x 103/L) 12114.00 ± 5496.26 and CRP 52 (52%)&gt; 10mg/l were present. Maximum number of children (45%) belonged to below 1 year while the least number of children(25%) belonged toagegroupbetween3to5years. femaletomaleratiowas 1.5:1withfairlylargenumberinvolving femalechildi.e.60%. Clinical assessment was done prior to investigation. The clinical parameters that distinguished the grading of pneumonia were done. Cough was present in 53% of studied children while fever was present almost invariably i.e. 82%. There were more children presenting with chest pain (22%). The complaint of nasal congestion was present in 39%. Clinical diagnosis revealed majority of children with severe pneumonia (52%) followed by very severe pneumonia (10%) followed by pneumonia (38%).Frequency of hyponatremia with pneumonia was 44 %and 56 % patients without hyponatremia.Conclusion:hyponatremia is common among children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections. Thus, serum electrolytes should be measured in children hospitalized for lower respiratory infections; and serum sodium concentration should be monitored regularly. Keywords: pneumonia, hyponatremia, sodium level, children

The Portrayal of Girl Child in Ruskin Bond’s The Blue Umbrella

Ruskin Bond, Indian author of British decent, was born on 19 May 1935 at Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. He was raised at Jamnagar (Gujarat), Shimla and Dehradun. He is a well-known Indian writer in English. He has written more than hundred short stories, six novels, three collection of verse and over thirty books for children. He is considered to be an icon among Indian writers and children’s author and a top novelist. He received Sahitya Academy award for his book; Our Trees Still Grow at Dehra in 1992, and was honored with Padam Shree in 1999 for his lifetime contribution to Indian literature in English. He was awarded with Padam Bhusham in 2014. He has been writing for the last fifty years in different genre of literature. His stories and novels got wide publicity worldwide in India. Various directors produced films on his novels. He was also appreciated by various prizes and awards at national level. In 2005, the Bollywood director Vishal Bhardwaj made a film based on his popular novel for children, The Blue Umbrella. The movie won the National Award for best Children’s film. It is a fine specimen published in 1992. This novella has also been filmed in 2007. It is set in a small village of Garhwal, where a little highland girl, Binya lives. She trades her lucky leopard claw pendent with a picknicker lady for a pretty blue umbrella

Role of hydroxychloroquine in preconception period of recurrent miscarriage patients

Background: Three or more times of embryonic or fetal losses is termed as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). 1-2% women globally suffer from RPL which in turn causes physical and emotional devastation in such women. A deregulation of immune cells and cytokines is observed in women with RPL. Immunomodulatory drugs like hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) could thus be a justifiable line of therapy for normal conceiving in women who encountered RPL. Thus, the objective of current study was to evaluate whether oral administration of HCQ 200 mg twice a day in preconception period would improve conception and pregnancy outcome in RPL patients or not. Methods: Total 50 women with history of RPL and difficulty in conception were given 200 mg bd of HCQ orally twice a day along with once a day 5 mg dose of folic acid. To the above treatment protocol low dose ecosprin was added immediately after positive pregnancy test. After 20 weeks, HCQ dose was terminated while ecosprin was continued. Iron, calcium and protein supplements were continued in all patients. Results: 36 patients out of 50 who received HCQ conceived easily. Majority of patients who received the treatment protocol remained asymptomatic and exhibited no severe adverse effects. Out of 36 patients who conceived total 15 patients had normal delivery while 8 patients underwent lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) at term end and 5 patients had to undergo preterm delivery. Conclusions: HCQS use in preconception period facilitate conception and prevent miscarriage in refractory cases of RPL

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, Malondialdehyde and their association with Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetes patients

Background: Evaluation of High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde(MDA)levels in type 2diabetic patients compare with healthy controls and correlate these levels with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and insulin resistance.Materials and Methods: A prospective evaluation study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar India. The study population consisted of 200 subjects divided in to two groups viz., diabetic patients (type 2 diabetic subjects; n=100) and non- diabetic participants (n=100). 100 male and 100 female were include in this study. The age of the patients of both sex were 30-50 years. Serum hs- CRP and insulin was assessed by ELISA, malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method and other routine investigations were carried out by standardized protocols with vitros 350fully automated analyzer. Results: The mean serum hs-CRP and MDA levels were significantly highin type 2 diabetic patients compared with healthy patients. Hs-CRP and MDA levels we are shown significant positive correlation with glycocylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), insulin resistance, triglycerides and negative correlation with HDL cholesterol. Conclusion: Elevated hs - CRP, MDA levels are potentially important diagnostic markers for the assessment of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients. Tight blood glucose control, regular monitoring of hs-CRP, MDA levels within normal range might be useful for reduction of vascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients Keywords: Abdominal malignancies, Incidence, Intestinal obstruction, Perforation

Comparison of targeted management versus syndromatic management for abnormal vaginal discharge and the common microorganisms sensitivity associated with it

Background: Abnormal vaginal discharge usually occurs in women of reproductive age group. There are many etiologies related to abnormal vaginal discharge. Abnormal vaginal discharge is second most frequent issue, behind menstrual problem in women. The main aims and objectives of this study were to compare the targeted management to syndromic management in achieving the complete cure for vaginal discharge; and to find out the common organism in vaginal discharge, in high vaginal swab culture and sensitivity. Methods: The study was a randomized control trial, where 200 patients were enrolled. The study participants were divided into 2 groups, A and B. Group A was given treatment according to the lab results. Group B was treated according to the syndromic management of vaginal discharge. Results: In group A, 88% patients having bacterial infection were cured, 10 patients were partially cured by antibiotics. 40% patients in sub group B1 were cured, 40% patients with their partners cured in subgroup B2, 37% in sub group B3 were cured. In group A, 94 patients out of 100 had organism detected on lab test. 14 patients on per speculum examination had vaginitis with cervicitis, but in lab test only vaginitis was present. Conclusions: We can conclude that syndromic management of vaginal discharge is not an efficient approach for treatment. Low response in syndromic management is due to low sensitivity of clinical examination in diagnosing the nature of vaginal discharge. Development of simple and affordable diagnostic tests that can be used is of highest priority

Gossypiboma versus Gossip-Boma

Gossypiboma, or a retained surgical sponge, is a rare condition, and it can occur after any surgical intervention that requires use of internal swabs. A case of an eight-year-old girl is presented, who had right minithoracotomy for ASD closure. She was finally diagnosed to have a retained surgical sponge in the right pleural cavity