Data_Sheet_3_Changes in self-reported health and wellbeing outcomes in 36,951 primary school children from 2014 to 2022 in Wales: an analysis using annual survey data.DOCX

IntroductionThis study examines the changes in childhood self-reported health and wellbeing between 2014 and 2022.MethodsAn annual survey delivered by HAPPEN-Wales, in collaboration with 500 primary schools, captured self-reported data on physical health, dietary habits, mental health, and overall wellbeing for children aged 8–11 years.ResultsThe findings reveal a decline in physical health between 2014 and 2022, as evidenced by reduced abilities in swimming and cycling. For example, 68% of children (95%CI: 67%–69%) reported being able to swim 25m in 2022, compared to 85% (95% CI: 83%–87%) in 2018. Additionally, unhealthy eating habits, such as decreased fruit and vegetable consumption and increased consumption of sugary snacks, have become more prevalent. Mental health issues, including emotional and behavioural difficulties, have also increased, with emotional difficulties affecting 13%–15% of children in 2017–2018 and now impacting 29% of children in 2021–2022. Moreover, indicators of wellbeing, autonomy, and competence have declined.DiscussionImportantly, this trend of declining health and wellbeing predates the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, suggesting that it is not solely attributed to the pandemic’s effects. The health of primary school children has been on a declining trajectory since 2018/2019 and has continued to decline through the COVID recovery period. The study suggests that these trends are unlikely to improve without targeted intervention and policy focus.</p

Rule ranking results by <i>SVD-QR</i> with column pivoting algorithm.

<p>Rule ranking results by <i>SVD-QR</i> with column pivoting algorithm.</p

Specific findings from included studies which examine cardiac outcomes.

Specific findings from included studies which examine cardiac outcomes.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Changes in self-reported health and wellbeing outcomes in 36,951 primary school children from 2014 to 2022 in Wales: an analysis using annual survey data.DOCX

IntroductionThis study examines the changes in childhood self-reported health and wellbeing between 2014 and 2022.MethodsAn annual survey delivered by HAPPEN-Wales, in collaboration with 500 primary schools, captured self-reported data on physical health, dietary habits, mental health, and overall wellbeing for children aged 8–11 years.ResultsThe findings reveal a decline in physical health between 2014 and 2022, as evidenced by reduced abilities in swimming and cycling. For example, 68% of children (95%CI: 67%–69%) reported being able to swim 25m in 2022, compared to 85% (95% CI: 83%–87%) in 2018. Additionally, unhealthy eating habits, such as decreased fruit and vegetable consumption and increased consumption of sugary snacks, have become more prevalent. Mental health issues, including emotional and behavioural difficulties, have also increased, with emotional difficulties affecting 13%–15% of children in 2017–2018 and now impacting 29% of children in 2021–2022. Moreover, indicators of wellbeing, autonomy, and competence have declined.DiscussionImportantly, this trend of declining health and wellbeing predates the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, suggesting that it is not solely attributed to the pandemic’s effects. The health of primary school children has been on a declining trajectory since 2018/2019 and has continued to decline through the COVID recovery period. The study suggests that these trends are unlikely to improve without targeted intervention and policy focus.</p

Prediction results on 50 LSOA areas (from the testing set, <i>D_Ts</i>).

<p>(a) By the initial system model (64 LLMs); (b) By a model with 6 LLMs, selected using the <i>ω</i> -values in our proposed rule selection procedure. The solid line represents the observed education deprivation scores while the dashed line represents the model.</p

Rule ranking results in terms of R-values, L-values, and ω-values (Numeric values represent rule IDs).

<p>Rule ranking results in terms of R-values, L-values, and ω-values (Numeric values represent rule IDs).</p

Data_Sheet_2_Changes in self-reported health and wellbeing outcomes in 36,951 primary school children from 2014 to 2022 in Wales: an analysis using annual survey data.DOCX

IntroductionThis study examines the changes in childhood self-reported health and wellbeing between 2014 and 2022.MethodsAn annual survey delivered by HAPPEN-Wales, in collaboration with 500 primary schools, captured self-reported data on physical health, dietary habits, mental health, and overall wellbeing for children aged 8–11 years.ResultsThe findings reveal a decline in physical health between 2014 and 2022, as evidenced by reduced abilities in swimming and cycling. For example, 68% of children (95%CI: 67%–69%) reported being able to swim 25m in 2022, compared to 85% (95% CI: 83%–87%) in 2018. Additionally, unhealthy eating habits, such as decreased fruit and vegetable consumption and increased consumption of sugary snacks, have become more prevalent. Mental health issues, including emotional and behavioural difficulties, have also increased, with emotional difficulties affecting 13%–15% of children in 2017–2018 and now impacting 29% of children in 2021–2022. Moreover, indicators of wellbeing, autonomy, and competence have declined.DiscussionImportantly, this trend of declining health and wellbeing predates the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, suggesting that it is not solely attributed to the pandemic’s effects. The health of primary school children has been on a declining trajectory since 2018/2019 and has continued to decline through the COVID recovery period. The study suggests that these trends are unlikely to improve without targeted intervention and policy focus.</p

Examples of LSOAs dominated by each fuzzy rule.

<p>Examples of LSOAs dominated by each fuzzy rule.</p

S1 Data -

BackgroundEchogenic Intracardiac Foci (EIF) are non-structural markers identified during the routine 18–20-week foetal anomaly ultrasound scan yet their clinical significance on future outcomes for the infant is unclear.ObjectiveTo examine the association between EIF and risk of preterm birth, chromosomal abnormalities, and cardiac abnormalities.DesignA review across four databases to identify English language journal articles of EIF using a cohort study design. All studies were reviewed for quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist and data extracted for comparison and analysis.Results19 papers from 9 different countries were included. Combining these studies showed 4.6% (95% CI = 4.55–4.65%) of all pregnancies had EIF which was on the left in 86% of cases, on the right in 3% of cases and bilaterally in 10%. There was no evidence that EIF was associated with higher rates of preterm birth. However, it is possible that infants with EIF were more likely to be terminated rather than be born preterm as there was a 2.1% (range 0.3–4.2%) rate of termination or death of the foetus after week 20 among those with EIF. There was no evidence that EIF alone is highly predictive of chromosomal abnormalities. There was evidence that EIF is associated with higher rates of minor cardiac abnormalities (e.g. ventricular septal defect, tricuspid regurgitation or mitral regurgitation)) with 5.1% (224 of 4385) of those with EIF showing cardiac abnormalities (3.08% in retrospective studies and 17.85% in prospective studies). However, the risk of cardiac defects was only higher with right-sided EIF and where the EIF persisted into the third trimester. However, this is a rare event and would be seen in an estimated 4 per 10,000 pregnancies.ConclusionEIF alone was not associated with adverse outcomes for the infant. Only persistent EIF on the right side showed evidence of carrying a higher risk of cardiac abnormality and would warrant further follow-up.</div

Coefficients of each local linear model in the TS system model selected by <i>ω</i>-value index^*.

*<p>Highest absolute coefficient values are highlighted of each rule. Note that a positive coefficient represents a positive association between the level of deprivation and the education under-achievement rate (i.e. a positive association between measures of affluence and educational success).</p