Additional file 1: of Challenges in initiating antiretroviral therapy for all HIV-infected people regardless of CD4 cell count

Multilingual abstracts in the five official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 305 kb

Socio-demographic, clinical, and immunological description of study population.

<p>Data are n (%), mean (standard deviation) and median (interquartile range).</p><p>* SPP: smear positive pulmonary, SNP: smear negative pulmonary, EP: extra pulmonary.</p><p>TB: tuberculosis</p><p>^α = 9 missing data,</p><p>^β = 7 missing data</p><p>Socio-demographic, clinical, and immunological description of study population.</p

Enrollment of study participants.

<p>Enrollment of study participants.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curve of cumulative survival over time during tuberculosis treatment of patients co-infected with HIV.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival curve of cumulative survival over time during tuberculosis treatment of patients co-infected with HIV.</p

Factors associated with change in Stiffness index during second-line antiretroviral treatment in multivariable analysis.

<p>Factors associated with change in Stiffness index during second-line antiretroviral treatment in multivariable analysis.</p

HIV infection related characteristics at baseline.

<p>HIV infection related characteristics at baseline.</p

Evolution of bone quality by treatment received.

<p>Bone Quality was assessed by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound Stiffness index (Achilles, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK).</p

Factors Associated with Death during Tuberculosis Treatment of Patients Co-Infected with HIV at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon: An 8-Year Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study (2006–2013)

<div><p>Background</p><p>Contributors to fatal outcomes in TB/HIV co-infected patients actively undergoing TB treatment are poorly characterized. The aim was to assess factors associated with death in TB/HIV co-infected patients during the initial 6 months of TB treatment.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We conducted a hospital-based retrospective cohort study from January 2006 to December 2013 at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon. We reviewed medical records to identify hospitalized co-infected TB/HIV patients aged 15 years and older. Death was defined as any death occurring during TB treatment, as per the World Health Organization's recommendations. We conducted logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with a fatal outcome. Magnitudes of associations were expressed by adjusted odds ratio (a<i>OR</i>) with 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Results</p><p>The 337 patients enrolled had a mean age of 39.3 (standard deviation 10.3) years and 54.3% were female. TB treatment outcomes were distributed as follows: 205 (60.8%) treatment success, 99 (29.4%) deaths, 18 (5.3%) not evaluated, 14 (4.2%) lost to follow-up, and 1 (0.3%) failed. After exclusion of patients lost to follow-up and not evaluated, death in TB/HIV co-infected patients during TB treatment was associated with a TB diagnosis made before 2010 (a<i>OR</i> = 2.50 [1.31–4.78]; <i>p</i> = 0.006), the presence of other AIDS-defining diseases (a<i>OR</i> = 2.73 [1.27–5.86]; <i>p</i> = 0.010), non-AIDS comorbidities (a<i>OR</i> = 3.35 [1.37–8.21]; <i>p</i> = 0.008), not receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (a<i>OR</i> = 3.61 [1.71–7.63]; <i>p</i> = 0.001), not receiving antiretroviral therapy (a<i>OR</i> = 2.45 [1.18–5.08]; <i>p</i> = 0.016), and CD4 cells count <50 cells/mm³ (a<i>OR</i> = 16.43 [1.05–258.04]; <i>p</i> = 0.047).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The TB treatment success rate among TB/HIV co-infected patients in our setting is low. Mortality was high among TB/HIV co-infected patients during TB treatment and is strongly associated with clinical and biological factors, highlighting the urgent need for specific interventions focused on enhancing patient outcomes.</p></div

Factors associated with death/lost to follow-up during TB treatment among TB/HIV co-infected patients, Yaoundé Central Hospital, 2006–2013, Cameroon.

§<p>From the 337 patients, we have excluded all patients who were <i>not evaluated</i> (n = 18).</p><p>*SPP: smear positive pulmonary, SNP: smear negative pulmonary, EP: extra pulmonary.</p><p>LTFU: lost to follow-up, TB: tuberculosis.</p><p>All missing data were imputed.</p><p>Factors associated with death/lost to follow-up during TB treatment among TB/HIV co-infected patients, Yaoundé Central Hospital, 2006–2013, Cameroon.</p

Enrollment of study participants.

<p>Enrollment of study participants.</p