HERCULES IN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART: MASCULINE LABOUR AND HOMOEROTIC LIBIDO

Hercules was an exemplar of moral and civic virtue when represented in Italian Renaissance art. How he embodied masculinity, however, has not been explored. A popular but complicated figure, he visualized the burdens and tensions of idealized masculinity. By examining his battle against desire, as represented in his struggle with Antaeus, this article points to multivalence and varying receptions, from moralizing allegory to erotic fantasy. It concentrates on imagery from the ‘Florentine Picture Chronicle’, Pollaiuolo, Mantegna and his circle, and Michelangelo.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78012/1/j.1467-8365.2008.00635.x.pd

TAKING A CLOSER LOOK: A CASE STUDY OF ONE PRINCIPAL WHO DEVELOPED TEACHER LEADERS WHO BECAME EDUCATIONAL LEADERS IN OTHER SETTINGS

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to explore through a historical case study the ways in which one principal mentored and built capacity with a school-based cohort of teachers who became school leaders themselves in a variety of capacities. Findings reveal a generative female leader who embraced strong philosophical and theoretical foundations enacted in an enriching, innovative culture. This case study illustrates the nested activity of leadership in the development of a learning organization focused on strong relationships, continuous adult learning, and practical leading capacities that contributed to leadership dispersion, strong community identity, and personal transformative experiences for teachers who chose to become leaders as well. Findings also suggest ways that principals in contemporary schools can mentor and develop teachers to become teacher leaders and learning-centered administrators

Portraiture and Patronage in Quattrocento Florence with Special Reference to the Tornaquinci and Their Chapel in S. Maria Novella

Containing over forty portraits, the frescoes by Domenico Ghirlandaio in the cappella maggiore of S. Maria Novella provide the opportunity to investigate the function and context of Quattrocento portraiture. Burckhardt's famous notion of Renaissance "individualism," usually seen as a sufficient explanation for the rise of this genre, is rejected in favour of corporate, especially family, motivations and modes of address. This necessitates an examination of consorterial traditions and patterns of patronage which are registered in the Tornaquinci chapel and enabled the acquisition of patronage rights to the chapel by the entire consorteria in October 1486. A biography is also supplied of Giovanni Tornabuoni, the man who paid for the decoration of this, his family monument, and closely supervised its progress. ** Both the apparently "realistic" style of Ghirlandaio's presentation of the family and its associates in "the most beautiful city" (praised in the chapel's dedication inscription of 1490) and the chapel's iconography are placed in a fundamentally religious context. Group portraiture, especially of donors, is seen as neither individualistic nor secular, nor as mere physiognomical reportage. Further levels of signification in the iconography are discussed, particularly references to the magnificence and generosity of the Tornaquinci as patrons and founders with a long tradition at the Dominican convent of S. Maria Novella. The family's salvation and fertility are also prayed for in a series of portraits which preserve the family in an arena of prayer and offering. They self-consciously address an audience both contemporary and future: seeking perpetual life through descendants and through eternal deliverance which is the reward for their good works, honourable reputation and patronage. The family's awareness of itself, its noble heritage and honour, is reflected in their dignified portrayal. Future descendants were shown exemplars; prayers for salvation and for fertile continuity were offered; sure access by the elect to paradise was visualised. Both Man and God were addressed: honour in the here and now, salvation in the eternal realm, each were granted to the worthy elect. Florence and the City of God were each embraced by naturalistic, recognisable form. The presence of portraits was necessary within a visual world reshaped, framed and ennobled.Ph.D.Department of Fine ArtsUniversity of Melbournehttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78007/4/simons-portraiture_and_patronage-vol2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78007/5/simons-portraiture_and_patronage-vol1.pd

Relación entre los mensajes alimenticios recibidos en la infancia con las características asociadas a los trastornos alimenticios

El objetivo general de la presente investigación fue analizar la relación entre los mensajes alimenticios trasmitidos por los cuidadores durante la infancia y la presencia de características tanto psicológicas como comportamentales asociadas al riesgo de desarrollar trastornos alimenticios. El universo de estudio fue conformado por 121 mujeres escolares entre los 13 y 18 años de edad (M=15.43, DE=1.08) que cursan de tercero a quinto grado de secundaria de un colegio particular de Lima. Se empleó el Inventario de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria EDI-2 (Garner, 1998), así como el Caregiver Eating Messages Scale (CEMS), instrumento diseñado por Kroon Van Diest & Tylka en el 2010. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de asociaciones significativas entre las dos dimensiones del CEMS (mensajes de obligatoriedad y restricción) y las características asociadas al riesgo de desarrollar trastornos alimenticios. Las correlaciones más altas se dieron entre la dimensión de restricción con las escalas de insatisfacción corporal (r=46) e impulsividad (r= 46). Mientras que la dimensión de obligatoriedad se relacionó con obsesión por la delgadez (r=30) y perfeccionismo (r=32). Respecto a la escala de miedo a la madurez, se encontró que correlacionaba positivamente con obligatoriedad y negativamente con restricción. Además, se encontraron diferencias a partir de las variables sociodemográficas como el grado, tipo de familia y el IMC reportado.The objective of the investigation was to examine the relationship between food messages transmitted by caregivers during childhood and the presence of both psychological and behavioral characteristics associated with the risk of developing eating disorders. The study was made up of 121 school age females between 13 and 18 years of age (M = 15.43, SD = 1.08) who attended a private school in Lima from third to fifth grade. The Food Behavior Disorders Inventory EDI-2 (Garner, 1998) was used as well as the Caregiver Eating Messages Scale (CEMS), an instrument designed by Kroon Van Diest & Tylka in 2010. The results show the existence of significant associations between the two dimensions of CEMS (obligatory and restrictive messages) and characteristics associated with the risk of developing eating disorders. The highest correlations were between the restriction dimension with the scales of body dissatisfaction (r = 46) and impulsivity (r = 46). While the obligatory dimension was related to obsession with thinness (r = 30) and low perfectionism (r = 38). Regarding the scale of fear of maturity, we found that it correlated positively with obligatoriness and negatively with restriction. In addition, differences were found based on sociodemographic variables such as grade, family type and BMI reported.Tesi

Communities of practice in the school workplace

Purpose – The first aim of this study is to explore to what extent communities of practice occur in the school workplace. The second aim is to explore the relation between communities of practice and diversity in composition of teacher teams. Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative as well as qualitative data were gathered from seven teacher teams in a school for secondary education. Questionnaires and observation instruments were used to measure and analyze teacher teams’ collaborative activities and diversity in composition. Findings – Data suggest that communities of practice actually occur in the school workplace, but to a moderate extent. Also, communities of practice are related to four of the five diversity attributes that were investigated. Research limitations/implications – The current study is a snapshot measurement of communities of practice. Future research is recommended to focus on the development of communities of practice in the school workplace by including longitudinal measurements. Practical implications – Implications for teachers and administrators include follow-up activities aimed at stimulating and sustaining communities of practice as well as taking diversity considerations in team composition into account. Originality/value – Studies suggest that a community is a promising context for embedding collaboration into the culture of the school. However, empirical research that focuses on communities in the school workplace seems largely absent. This study provides insight in the occurrence of communities of practice from two perspectives: the perception of community members and the observation from outsiders.NWO-PRO

Community development in the school workplace

Purpose – The aim of this study is to explore whether and to what degree community development of teacher teams takes place and how community development comes about, that is, what community-building efforts teacher teams undertake. Design/methodology/approach – Using a multi method approach, quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from seven interdisciplinary teacher teams in a secondary school during one school year. Teachers’ perceptions of community development were complemented with video-observations of team meetings by relative outsiders. Findings – Data showed that the teacher teams undertook a wide variety and amount of community-building efforts. However, community development of the teacher teams as perceived by the teachers was limited. Relative outsiders observed some community development. Practical implications – From the findings the authors conclude that school managers could play a more proactive role in supporting teacher teams’ community-building efforts. Strategies embedding community-building into the culture and policy of the school, including diagnosing, custom-made support and making efforts explicit, could be effective. Originality/value – The current study takes a long-term approach, investigating the community development of teacher teams during the course of one school year. In addition, community development is measured using two perspectives, i.e. that of the community members and that of the relative outsider.NW

Human Gut Microbial Degradation of Flavonoids: Structure−Function Relationships

The relationship between chemical structure and gut microbial degradation rates of 14 flavonoids, flavone, apigenin, chrysin, naringenin, kaempferol, genistein, daidzein, daidzin, puerarin, 7,4‘-dihydroxyflavone, 6,4‘-dihydroxyflavone, 5,4‘-dihydroxyflavone, 5,3‘-dihydroxyflavone, and 4‘-hydroxyflavone, was investigated by anaerobically fermenting the flavonoids with human gut microflora (n = 11 subjects). Degradation rates for the 5,7,4‘-trihydroxyl flavonoids, apigenin, genistein, naringenin, and kaempferol, were significantly faster than the other structural motifs. Puerarin was resistant to degradation by the gut microflora. Extensive degradation of flavonoids by gut microflora may result in lower overall bioavailability than those flavonoids that are slowly degraded because rapidly degrading flavonoids are less likely to be absorbed intact

Metabolism of Glycitein (7,4-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-isoflavone) by Human Gut Microflora

Gut microbial disappearance and metabolism of the soy isoflavone glycitein, 7,4‘-dihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone, were investigated by incubating glycitein anaerobically with feces from 12 human subjects. The subjects\u27 ages ranged from 24 to 53 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 20.9−25.8 kg/m2 (mean BMI = 24.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2). Glycitein disappearance followed an apparent first-order rate loss. Fecal glycitein disappearance rates for the subjects segregated into three different groups described as high (k = 0.67 ± 0.14/h), moderate (k = 0.34 ± 0.04/h), and low (k = 0.15 ± 0.07/h) glycitein degraders (p \u3c 0.0001). There was no dose effect on the disappearance rates for each subject from 10 to 250 μM glycitein (averagek = 0.32 ± 0.03/h, p \u3e 0.05). Four putative glycitein metabolites, characterized by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization using positive ionization mode), were dihydroglycitein, dihydro-6,7,4‘-trihydroxyisoflavone, and 5‘-O-methyl-O-desmethylangolensin. Two subjects produced a metabolite tentatively identified as 6-O-methyl-equol, and one subject produced daidzein as an additional metabolite of glycitein. These results show that glycitein is metabolized by human gut microorganisms and may follow metabolic pathways similar to other soy isoflavones

Greater Apparent Absorption of Flavonoids Is Associated with Lesser Human Fecal Flavonoid Disappearance Rates

-OH-flavonoids disappeared more rapidly from human fecal incuba- tions and were less absorbable by humans than flavonoids without 5-OH moieties. Anaerobic fecal disappearance rates over 24 h were determined for 15 flavonoids in samples from 20 men and 13 women. In these anaerobic fecal mixtures, flavonoids with 5,7,40-OH groups, genistein, apigenin, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin (disappearance rate, k = 0.46 ( 0.10 h-1), and methoxylated flavonoids, hesperetin and glycitein (k = 0.24 ( 0.21 h-1), disappeared rapidly compared with flavonoids lacking 5-OH (e.g., daidzein, k = 0.07 ( 0.03 h-1). Apparent absorption of flavonoids that disappeared rapidly from in vitro fecal incubations, genistein, naringenin, quercetin, and hesperetin, was compared with that of daidzein, a slowly disappearing flavonoid, in 5 men and 5 women. Subjects ingested 104 μmol of genistein and 62 μmol of daidzein (soy milk), 1549 μmol of naringenin and 26 μmol of hesperetin (grapefruit juice), and 381 μmol of quercetin (onions) in three test meals, each separated by 1 week. Blood and urine samples were collected over 24 h after each test meal. Plasma flavonoid concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1 μM. The apparent absorption, expressed as percentage of ingested dose excreted in urine, was significantly less for naringenin (3.2 ( 1.7%), genistein (7.2 ( 4.6%), hesperetin (7.3 ( 3.2%), and quercetin (5.6 ( 3.7%) compared with daidzein (43.4 ( 15.5%, p = 0.02). These data affirmed the hypothesis that the 5,7,40-OH of flavonoids limited apparent absorption of these compounds in humans

Do cavies talk? The effect of anthropomorphic picture books on children\u27s knowledge about animals

Many books for young children present animals in fantastical and unrealistic ways, such as wearing clothes, talking and engaging in human-like activities. This research examined whether anthropomorphism in children\u27s books affects children\u27s learning and conceptions of animals, by specifically assessing the impact of depictions (a bird wearing clothes and reading a book) and language (bird described as talking and as having human intentions). In Study 1, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children saw picture books featuring realistic drawings of a novel animal. Half of the children also heard factual, realistic language, while the other half heard anthropomorphized language. In Study 2, we replicated the first study using anthropomorphic illustrations of real animals. The results show that the language used to describe animals in books has an effect on children\u27s tendency to attribute human-like traits to animals, and that anthropomorphic storybooks affect younger children\u27s learning of novel facts about animals. These results indicate that anthropomorphized animals in books may not only lead to less learning but also influence children\u27s conceptual knowledge of animals