The Effects of Prior Experience on Estimating the Duration of Simple Tasks.

Previous research provides conflicting evidence regarding the effects of prior experience on estimates of task duration. Research supporting the planning fallacy suggests that people tend to ignore information about their previous task performance, whereas other work indicates that time estimates are influenced by the duration of a just-completed similar task. The present research examined whether information about previous tasks was linked to temporal misestimation on subsequent tasks. Experiment 1 revealed that the accuracy of completion time predictions on an anagram task was influenced by the degree of misestimation in the perceived duration of the preceding task. In Experiment 2, prospective estimates were found to exceed actual time, whereas the direction in which predictions were misestimated (under or overestimation) differed according to the duration of the just-completed task. These findings suggest that taskrelated information is not only used when predicting task duration but also affects temporal misestimation. This research is discussed in the context of bias in predictions of task duration and the allocation of attentional resources in dual task situations in the prospective time estimation paradigm

Speaking the same language – a scoping review to identify the terminology associated with social prescribing

Aim: To identify the social prescribing-related terminology within the peer-reviewed literature of the UK and the grey literature from Wales. Background: Social prescribing has seen a period of development that has been accompanied by a proliferation of related terminology and a lack of standardisation in the manner in which it is employed. This creates barriers to engagement and impairs communication, both between professionals and members of the public. The Wales School for Social Prescribing Research and Public Health Wales committed to the development of a glossary of terms for social prescribing, to facilitate the clarification and standardisation of the associated terminology. Here, we describe the first step in that process.Method: A scoping review of the peer-reviewed UK literature and Welsh grey literature was conducted. The titles and abstracts of 46,242 documents and the full text of 738 documents were screened. Data were charted from 205 documents. Data capture included terminology, the location within the UK of the research or intervention described in the article, and the perspective from which the article was authored. A general inductive approach was used to categorise the terms by theme. Findings: This research serves to highlight the breadth and diversity of the terminology associated with social prescribing. Results demonstrate aspects of shared commonality and clear distinction between the terminology from the two literature sources. The greatest contributions of terms were from articles that examined research and/or interventions in England and that were authored from the perspective of health or health and social care. The research indicates that nation- and sector-specific terms may not be adequately represented in the literature at large. Looking forward, it will be important to ensure that social prescribing terminology within the UK literature is culturally relevant and accurately reflects the terminology used by the workforce who encounter and deliver social prescribing

Structural basis for substrate specificity and regulation of nucleotide sugar transporters in the lipid bilayer

Nucleotide sugars are the activated form of monosaccharides used by glycosyltransferases during glycosylation. In eukaryotes the SLC35 family of solute carriers are responsible for their selective uptake into the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Golgi apparatus. The structure of the yeast GDP-mannose transporter, Vrg4, revealed a requirement for short chain lipids and a marked difference in transport rate between the nucleotide sugar and nucleoside monophosphate, suggesting a complex network of regulatory elements control transport into these organelles. Here we report the crystal structure of the GMP bound complex of Vrg4, revealing the molecular basis for GMP recognition and transport. Molecular dynamics, combined with biochemical analysis, reveal a lipid mediated dimer interface and mechanism for coordinating structural rearrangements during transport. Together these results provide further insight into how SLC35 family transporters function within the secretory pathway and sheds light onto the role that membrane lipids play in regulating transport across the membrane

The Paradox of the Frontal Lobe Paradox. A Scoping Review

The “frontal lobe paradox” highlights a phenomenon in which a subset of patients who possess frontal lobe damage and exhibit marked impairments in everyday life are still able to able to verbally describe a logical course of action relating to a task and perform well in interview and test settings. Such cases pose a challenge with regard to the assessment of mental capacity within clinical settings. Recent position articles state that the frontal lobe paradox is a well-known phenomenon within the field of neuropsychology, anecdotal reports from clinicians in the UK suggest this is not the case. Consequently, we conducted a scoping review to examine the breadth and depth of literature relating to the frontal lobe paradox. Searches were conducted using electronic databases and search engines, which were supplemented with a snowball search of the references used within relevant literature. We identified and reviewed 28 documents specifically related to the frontal lobe paradox. Nearly 50% of all identified academic texts published since 2000 were position articles that cited a handful of case studies published between 1936 and 1986 as evidence for the phenomenon. We also observed instances of articles citing position articles as evidence of the frontal lobe paradox. Overall, our findings indicate a lack of readily accessible research specific to the frontal lobe paradox. In particular, there is a lack of contemporary research specific to the subject and an absence of clarification as to which syndromes and disorders are included within the term