7 research outputs found
Reduced <sup>18</sup>F‑Folate Conjugates as a New Class of PET Tracers for Folate Receptor Imaging
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate
(5-MTHF), a reduced folate form, is the
biologically active folate involved in many different metabolic processes.
To date, there are no studies available in the literature on <sup>18</sup>F-labeled 6<i>S</i>- and 6<i>R</i>-5-MTHF
radiotracers for imaging folate receptor (FR)-α-positive tissues.
Therefore, the goal of this study was to synthesize four <sup>18</sup>F-labeled 5-MTHF derivatives conjugated at either the α- or
γ-carboxylic functionality of glutamate and to assess their
suitability for FR-targeting. Organic syntheses of the precursors
and the four reference compounds, namely, 6<i>S</i>-α,
6<i>S</i>-γ, 6<i>R</i>-α, and 6<i>R</i>-γ-click-fluoroethyl-5-MTHF, were carried out in
low to moderate overall chemical yields. The radiosyntheses of the
α- and γ-conjugated <sup>18</sup>F-labeled folate derivatives
were accomplished in approximately 100 min, low radiochemical yields
(1–7% d.c.) and high molar activities (139–245 GBq/μmol).
Radiochemically pure tracers were obtained after the addition of a
mixture of antioxidants consisting of sodium ascorbate and l-cysteine. <i>In vitro</i>, all four 5-MTHF conjugates
showed similar binding affinities to FR-α (IC<sub>50</sub> =
17.7–24.0 nM), whereas folic acid showed a significantly higher
binding affinity to the FR-α. Cell uptake and internalization
experiments with KB cells demonstrated specific uptake and internalization
of the radiofolate conjugates. Metabolite studies in mice revealed
high <i>in vivo</i> stability of the radiotracers in mice.
Biodistribution and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies
in FR-positive KB tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that the 6<i>S</i>- and 6<i>R</i>-5-MTHF conjugates exhibited a
different accumulation pattern in various organs including the kidneys
and the liver, whereas no significant differences in radioactivity
accumulation in the kidneys and the liver were found for both the
α- and γ-conjugated diastereoisomers. Despite the considerably
lower binding affinities of the 5-MTHF derivatives compared to the
corresponding folic acid conjugates similar high KB tumor uptake was
observed for all the folate conjugates investigated (8–11%
IA/g). Based on these results, we conclude that <sup>18</sup>F-labeled
5-MTHF conjugates are a promising new class of radiotracers for targeting
FR-positive tumor tissues
Comparative Studies of Three Pairs of α- and γ‑Conjugated Folic Acid Derivatives Labeled with Fluorine-18
The
folate receptor (FR) is upregulated in various epithelial cancer
types (FR α-isoform), while healthy tissues show only restricted
expression. FR-targeted imaging using folate radiopharmaceuticals
is therefore a promising approach for the detection of FR-positive
cancer tissue. Almost all folate-based radiopharmaceuticals have been
prepared by conjugation at the γ-carboxylic functionality of
the glutamate moiety of folic acid. In this work, three pairs of fluorinated
α- and γ-conjugated folate derivatives were synthesized
and their in vitro and in vivo properties compared. The syntheses
of all six regioisomers were obtained in good chemical yields using
a multistep synthetic approach including the highly selective Cu(I)-catalyzed
1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The radiosyntheses of the α- and
γ-conjugated <sup>18</sup>F-labeled folate derivatives were
accomplished in moderate to good radiochemical yields, high radiochemical
purities (>95%), and specific activities ranging from 25 to 196
GBq/μmol.
In vitro, all folate derivatives showed high binding affinity to the
FR-α (IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.4–2.2 nM). In vivo PET imaging
and biodistribution studies in FR-positive KB tumor-bearing mice demonstrated
similar FR-specific tumor uptake for both regioisomers of each pair
of compounds. However, FR-unspecific liver uptake was significantly
lower for the α-regioisomers compared to the corresponding γ-regioisomers.
In contrast, kidney uptake was up to 50% lower for the γ-regioisomers
than for the α-regioisomers. These results show that the site
of conjugation in the glutamyl moiety of folic acid has a significant
impact on the in vivo behavior of <sup>18</sup>F-based radiofolates,
but not on their in vitro FR-binding affinity. These findings may
potentially stimulate new directions for the design of novel <sup>18</sup>F-labeled folate-based radiotracers
Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of 5‑Hydroxy-2‑[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroalkyl-tryptophan Analogues as Potential PET Radiotracers for Tumor Imaging
Aiming at developing
mechanism-based amino acid <sup>18</sup>F-PET
tracers for tumor imaging, we synthesized two <sup>18</sup>F-labeled
analogues of 5-hydroxy-l-[β-<sup>11</sup>C]tryptophan
([<sup>11</sup>C]5HTP) whose excellent in vivo performance in neuroendocrine
tumors is mainly attributed to its decarboxylation by aromatic amino
acid decarboxylase (AADC), an enzyme overexpressed in these malignancies.
Reference compounds and precursors were synthesized following multistep
synthetic approaches. Radiosynthesis of tracers was accomplished in
good radiochemical yields (15–39%), high specific activities
(45–95 GBq/μmol), and excellent radiochemical purities.
In vitro cell uptake was sodium-independent and was inhibited ≥95%
by 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) and ∼30% by arginine.
PET imaging in mice revealed distinctly high tumor/background ratios
for both tracers, outperforming the well-established <i>O</i>-(2-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoroethyl)tyrosine ([<sup>18</sup>F]FET) tracer
in a head-to-head comparison. Biological evaluation revealed that
the in vivo performance is most probably independent of any interaction
with AADC. Nevertheless, the excellent tumor visualization qualifies
the new tracers as interesting probes for tumor imaging worthy for
further investigation
Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of 3′-Aza-2′‑[<sup>18</sup>F]fluorofolic Acid: A Novel PET Radiotracer for Folate Receptor Targeting
The folate receptor (FR) has been identified as a valuable
target
for the imaging of cancer and activated macrophages, involved in inflammatory
and autoimmune diseases via positron emission tomography (PET). Therefore,
conjugates of folic acid have been synthesized by coupling of a radiolabeled
prosthetic group to the glutamate part of folic acid (pendent approach).
In this work, we present a novel class of folates, where the phenyl
ring of folic acid was isosterically replaced by a pyridine moiety
for direct labeling with [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoride (integrated approach).
3′-Azafolic acid and its 2′-halogenated derivatives
(2′-chloro and 2′-fluoro) were evaluated in vitro to
determine their binding affinity. 3′-Aza-2′-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluorofolic acid ([<sup>18</sup>F]<b>6</b>) was obtained,
starting from <i>N</i><sup>2</sup>-acetyl-3′-aza-2′-chlorofolic
acid di-<i>tert</i>-butylester (<b>2</b>), in a maximum
decay corrected radiochemical yield of about 9% in ≥98% radiochemical
purity and high specific activities of 35–127 GBq/μmol.
Binding affinity to the FR was high (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.8 ±
0.2 nM), and the radiotracer was stable in human plasma over 4 h at
37 °C. No degradation or defluorination was detected after incubation
of the radiotracer for 1 h at 37 °C with human and murine liver
microsomes and human S9-fraction. In vivo PET imaging and biodistribution
studies with mice demonstrated a high and specific uptake in FR-positive
KB tumor xenografts (12.59 ± 1.77% ID/g, 90 min p.i.). A high
and specific accumulation of radioactivity was observed in the kidneys
(57.33 ± 8.40% ID/g, 90 min p.i.) and salivary glands (14.09 ±
0.93% ID/g, 90 min p.i.), which are known to express the FR and nonspecific
uptake found in the liver (10.31 ± 2.37% ID/g, 90 min p.i.).
Preinjection of folic acid resulted in a >85% reduced uptake of
[<sup>18</sup>F]<b>6</b> in FR-positive tissues (xenografts,
kidneys,
and salivary glands). Furthermore, no radioactive metabolites were
detected in the blood, urine, or tumor tissue, 30 min p.i. These characteristics
indicate that this new <sup>18</sup>F-labeled 3′-azafolate
is an appropriate tool for imaging FR-positive (malignant) tissue
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of [<sup>11</sup>C]Granisetron and [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluoropalonosetron as PET Probes for 5‑HT<sub>3</sub> Receptor Imaging
Serotonin-gated
ionotropic 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors are the major
pharmacological targets for antiemetic compounds. Furthermore, they
have become a focus for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS) and there is some evidence that pharmacological modulation of
5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors might alleviate symptoms of other neurological
disorders. Highly selective, high-affinity antagonists, such as granisetron
(Kytril) and palonosetron (Aloxi), belong to a family of drugs (the
“setrons”) that are well established for clinical use.
To enable us to better understand the actions of these drugs in vivo,
we report the synthesis of 8-fluoropalonosetron (<b>15</b>)
that has a binding affinity (<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> = 0.26
± 0.05 nM) similar to the parent drug (<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> = 0.21 ± 0.03 nM). We radiolabeled <b>15</b> by
nucleophilic <sup>18</sup>F-fluorination of an unsymmetrical diaryliodonium
palonosetron precursor and achieved the radiosynthesis of 1-(methyl-<sup>11</sup><i>C</i>)-<i>N</i>-granisetron ([<sup>11</sup>C]<b>2</b>) through <i>N</i>-alkylation with
[<sup>11</sup>C]CH<sub>3</sub>I, respectively. Both compounds [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>15</b> (chemical and radiochemical purity >95%,
specific activity 41 GBq/μmol) and [<sup>11</sup>C]<b>2</b> (chemical and radiochemical purity ≥99%, specific activity
170 GBq/μmol) were evaluated for their utility as positron emission
tomography (PET) probes. Using mouse and rat brain slices, in vitro
autoradiography with both [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>15</b> and [<sup>11</sup>C]<b>2</b> revealed a heterogeneous and displaceable
binding in cortical and hippocampal regions that are known to express
5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors at significant levels. Subsequent PET experiments
suggested that [<sup>18</sup>F]<b>15</b> and [<sup>11</sup>C]<b>2</b> are of limited utility for the PET imaging of brain 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors in vivo
Studies toward the Development of New Silicon-Containing Building Blocks for the Direct <sup>18</sup>F‑Labeling of Peptides
Silicon-containing
prosthetic groups have been conjugated to peptides to allow for a
single-step labeling with <sup>18</sup>F radioisotope. The fairly
lipophilic di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenylsilane building block
contributes unfavorably to the pharmacokinetic profile of bombesin conjugates. In this article, theoretical and experimental studies
toward the development of more hydrophilic silicon-based building
blocks are presented. Density functional theory calculations were
used to predict the hydrolytic stability of di-<i>tert</i>-butylfluorosilanes <b>2</b>–<b>23</b> with the
aim to improve the in vivo properties of <sup>18</sup>F-labeled silicon-containing
biomolecules. As a further step toward improving the pharmacokinetic
profile, hydrophilic linkers were introduced between the lipophilic
di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenylsilane building block and the
bombesin congeners. Increased tumor uptake was shown with two of these
peptides in xenograft-bearing mice using positron emission tomography
and biodistribution studies. The introduction of a hydrophilic linker
is thus a viable approach to improve the tumor uptake of <sup>18</sup>F-labeled silicon–bombesin conjugates
Design, Synthesis, and Initial Evaluation of a High Affinity Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Imaging Matrix Metalloproteinases <b>2</b> and <b>9</b>
The activity of matrix metalloproteinases
(MMPs) is elevated locally
under many pathological conditions. Gelatinases MMP2 and MMP9 are
of particular interest because of their implication in angiogenesis,
cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, and atherosclerotic plaque
rupture. The aim of this study was to identify and develop a selective
gelatinase inhibitor for imaging active MMP2/MMP9 in vivo. We synthesized
a series of <i>N</i>-sulfonylamino acid derivatives with
low to high nanomolar inhibitory potencies. (<i>R</i>)-2-(4-(4-Fluorobenzamido)phenylsulfonamido)-3-(1<i>H</i>-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid (<b>7</b>) exhibited the
best in vitro binding properties: MMP2 IC<sub>50</sub> = 1.8 nM, MMP9
IC<sub>50</sub> = 7.2 nM. Radiolabeling of <b>7</b> with no
carrier added <sup>18</sup>F-radioisotope was accomplished starting
from iodonium salts as precursors. The radiochemical yield strongly
depended on the iodonium counteranion (ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> > Br<sup>–</sup> > TFA<sup>–</sup> > tosylate). <sup>18</sup>F-<b>7</b> was obtained in up to 20% radiochemical
yield (decay corrected), high radiochemical purity, and >90 GBq/μmol
specific radioactivity. The radiolabeled compound showed excellent
stability in vitro and in mice in vivo