Quantum Variation about Geodesics

<p>The caustic that occur in geodesics in space-times which are solutions to the gravitational field equations with the energy-momentum tensor satisfying the dominant energy condition can be circumvented if quantum variations are allowed. An action is developed such that the variation yields the field equations and the geodesic condition, and its quantization provides a method for determining the extent of the wave packet around the classical path.</p

Expanding Proteome Coverage with CHarge Ordered Parallel Ion aNalysis (CHOPIN) Combined with Broad Specificity Proteolysis

The “deep” proteome has been accessible by mass spectrometry for some time. However, the number of proteins identified in cells of the same type has plateaued at ∼8000–10 000 without ID transfer from reference proteomes/data. Moreover, limited sequence coverage hampers the discrimination of protein isoforms when using trypsin as standard protease. Multienzyme approaches appear to improve sequence coverage and subsequent isoform discrimination. Here we expanded proteome and protein sequence coverage in MCF-7 breast cancer cells to an as yet unmatched depth by employing a workflow that addresses current limitations in deep proteome analysis in multiple stages: We used (i) gel-aided sample preparation (GASP) and combined trypsin/elastase digests to increase peptide orthogonality, (ii) concatenated high-pH prefractionation, and (iii) CHarge Ordered Parallel Ion aNalysis (CHOPIN), available on an Orbitrap Fusion (Lumos) mass spectrometer, to achieve 57% median protein sequence coverage in 13 728 protein groups (8949 Unigene IDs) in a single cell line. CHOPIN allows the use of both detectors in the Orbitrap on predefined precursor types that optimizes parallel ion processing, leading to the identification of a total of 179 549 unique peptides covering the deep proteome in unprecedented detail

MOESM1 of A robust mass spectrometry method for rapid profiling of erythrocyte ghost membrane proteomes

Additional file 1: Figure 1 Histogram showing the distribution of the Intensity Based Absolute Quantification (iBAQ) values for identified peptides across samples 1 to 10 (represented by iBAQ 1-10 respectively) listed in Table 1