Biometric parameters of <i>P. gingivalis</i> and <i>T. denticola</i> homotypic biofilm and polymicrobial biofilm formed by <i>P. gingivalis</i> W50 ABK, <i>T. denticola</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i> harvested at 90 h.

<p>Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations of two biological replicates, from five CLSM images at random positions from each biological replicate. All images were analysed using COMSTAT software.</p>*<p>Significantly different <i>to T. denticola</i> homotypic biofilm values, as determined by Students' T-test (p≤0.05).</p

SEM micrographs of polymicrobial biofilms involving <i>P. gingivalis</i> W50ABK mutant, <i>T. denticola</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i>.

<p>The left pannel shows <i>P. gingivalis</i> W50ABK mutant cells associated with a <i>T. denticola</i> microcolony and the right pannel shows <i>P. gingivalis</i> cells at the outer edge of a <i>T. denticola</i> microcolony. It has been confirmed by FISH that no <i>T. forsythia</i> was detected in these biofilms (data not shown).</p

Representative images.

<p>Representative images of mature homotypic and polymicrobial biofilms involving <i>P. gingivalis</i>, <i>T. denticola</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i>. Biofilm images were taken 90 h after inoculation of a flow cell. (a) <i>P. gingivalis</i> homotypic biofilm (b) <i>T. denticola</i> homotypic biofilm (c) Polymicrobial biofilms. Bacterial cells were stained with species-specific FISH probes (red, <i>T. denticola</i>; green, <i>P. gingivalis</i>). 3D CSLM images are on the left and SEM images are on the right.</p

<i>P.</i><i>gingivalis</i> W50ABK biofilm development.

<p>(a) 3D rendered confocal fluorescence image of <i>P. gingivalis</i> W50ABK homotypic biofilm stained with Syto 9 DNA dye. (b) 3D rendered confocal fluorescence image of a representative polymicrobial biofilm containing <i>P. gingivalis</i> W50ABK, <i>T. denticola</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i>, harvested at 90 h. Bacterial cells were stained with species-specific FISH probes (red, <i>T. denticola</i>; green, <i>P. gingivalis</i>). (c) SEM image of a representative gold-coated <i>P. gingivalis</i> W50ABK, <i>T. denticola</i> and <i>T. forsythia</i> polymicrobial biofilm.</p

Synergistic <i>P. gingivalis</i> and <i>T. denticola</i> biofilm formation.

<p>Both polymicrobial and homotypic biofilms were produced using a flow cell under identical conditions. The two sets of bars above the species name refer to the biometric parameters measured using the species-specific fluorescent probe for the species grown either as part of the polymicrobial biofilm or as a homotypic biofilm. The primary vertical axis (left) is for maximum (grey bars) and average (black bars) biofilm thickness (μm) and the secondary vertical axis (right) is for biovolume (white bars) (μm³/μm²). Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations of five CLSM images at random positions from biological replicates. All images were analysed using COMSTAT software.</p

Additional file 1: of Selenophene and thiophene-core estrogen receptor ligands that inhibit motility and development of parasitic stages of Haemonchus contortus

Details of the synthetic routes for the 22 selenophene-core and 52 thiophene-core analogues screened against Haemonchus contortus in the present study. The characteristics of these compounds are also given. (DOC 2062 kb