652 research outputs found
The kinematic Sunyaev Zeldovich effect and transverse cluster velocities
The polarization of the CMBR scattered by galaxy clusters in the kinematic
Sunyaev Zeldovich effect depends on the transverse velocity of the cluster.
This polarizing effect is proportional to the transverse velocity squared, and
so weaker that the change in intensity due to the radial motion in the
kinematic effect. The value given by Sunyaev and Zeldovich, and which is
frequently cited, underestimates the polarizing effect by a factor of ten. We
show furthermore that the polarization has a strong frequency dependence. This
means that the polarization should be detectable with the new generation of
CMBR probes, at least for some clusters. Thus this effect offers, almost
uniquely, a method of obtaining the vectorial velocity of clusters.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS letter. 5 pages using mnras file style. email:
[email protected]
The use of light polarization for weak-lensing inversions
The measurement of the integrated optical polarization of weakly
gravitationally lensed galaxies can provide considerable constraints on lens
models. The method outlined depends on fact that the orientation of the
direction of optical polarization is not affected by weak gravitational
lensing. The angle between the semi-major axis of the imaged galaxy and the
direction of integrated optical polarization thus informs one of the distortion
produced by the gravitational lensing. Although the method depends on the
polarimetric measurement of faint galaxies, large telescopes and improved
techniques should make such measurements possible in the near future.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, uses mnras style file. Accepted for publication
in MNRA
Optimal Galaxy Distance Estimators
The statistical properties of galaxy distance estimators are studied and a
rigorous framework is developed for identifying and removing the effects of
Malmquist bias due to obsevational selection. The prescription of Schechter
(1980) for defining unbiased distance estimators is extended to more general --
and more realistic -- cases. The derivation of `optimal' unbiased distance
estimators of minimum dispersion, by utilising information from additional --
suitably correlated -- observables, is discussed and the results applied to a
calibrating sample from the Fornax cluster, as used in the Mathewson spiral
galaxy redshift survey. The optimal distance estimator derived from I-band
magnitude, diameter and 21cm line width has an intrinsic scatter which is 25 \%
smaller than that of the Tully-Fisher relation quoted for this calibrating
sample. (Figures are available on request).Comment: Plain Latex, 19 pages, Sussex-AST-93/9-
Placing Confidence Limits on Polarization Measurements
The determination of the true source polarization given a set of measurements
is complicated by the requirement that the polarization always be positive.
This positive bias also hinders construction of upper limits, uncertainties,
and confidence regions, especially at low signal-to-noise levels. We generate
the likelihood function for linear polarization measurements and use it to
create confidence regions and upper limits. This is accomplished by integrating
the likelihood function over the true polarization (parameter space), rather
than the measured polarization (data space). These regions are valid for both
low and high signal-to-noise measurements.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, submitted to PAS
Potent and Max-Flow Algorithms
Although Potent purports to use only radial velocities in retrieving the
potential velocity field of galaxies, the derivation of transverse components
is implicit in the smoothing procedures. Thus the possibility of using
nonradial line integrals to derive the velocity field arises. In the case of
inhomogeneous distributions of galaxies, the optimal path for integration need
not be radial, and can be obtained by using max-flow algorithms. In this paper
we present the results of using Dijkstra's algorithm to obtain this optimal
path and velocity field.Comment: 9 pages includeing 5 figures, uuencoded compressed PostScript, for
Cosmic Velocity Fields, IAP Paris July 1993. UG-COS-JFLS-00
Quaternary sea-level history of the United States
In the past 30 years, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of Quaternary sea-level history, due directly to developments in Quaternary dating methods, particularly uranium-series disequilibrium and amino acid racemization. Another reason for this progress is that coastline history can now be tied to the oxygen-isotope record of foraminifera in deep-sea cores. Furthermore, both records have been linked to climate change on the scale of glacial-interglacial cycles that are thought to be forced by changes in Earth-Sun geometry, or “orbital forcing” (Milankovitch, 1941)
Entanglement in a Solid State Spin Ensemble
Entanglement is the quintessential quantum phenomenon and a necessary
ingredient in most emerging quantum technologies, including quantum repeaters,
quantum information processing (QIP) and the strongest forms of quantum
cryptography. Spin ensembles, such as those in liquid state nuclear magnetic
resonance, have been powerful in the development of quantum control methods,
however, these demonstrations contained no entanglement and ultimately
constitute classical simulations of quantum algorithms. Here we report the
on-demand generation of entanglement between an ensemble of electron and
nuclear spins in isotopically engineered phosphorus-doped silicon. We combined
high field/low temperature electron spin resonance (3.4 T, 2.9 K) with
hyperpolarisation of the 31P nuclear spin to obtain an initial state of
sufficient purity to create a non-classical, inseparable state. The state was
verified using density matrix tomography based on geometric phase gates, and
had a fidelity of 98% compared with the ideal state at this field and
temperature. The entanglement operation was performed simultaneously, with high
fidelity, to 10^10 spin pairs, and represents an essential requirement of a
silicon-based quantum information processor.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures plus supporting information of 4 pages, 1 figure
v2: Updated reference
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